Ammoniumchlorid

Gefahreninformationscode (GHS)

• Bildanzeige (GHS)

  

• Alarmwort

  Warnung

• Gefahrenhinweise

  H302：Gesundheitsschädlich bei Verschlucken.

  H319：Verursacht schwere Augenreizung.

• Sicherheit

  P264：Nach Gebrauch gründlich waschen.

  P264：Nach Gebrauch gründlich waschen.

  P270：Bei Gebrauch nicht essen, trinken oder rauchen.

  P280：Schutzhandschuhe/Schutzkleidung/Augenschutz tragen.

  P301+P312：BEI VERSCHLUCKEN: Bei Unwohlsein GIFTINFORMATIONSZENTRUM/Arzt/... (geeignete Stelle für medizinische Notfallversorgung vom Hersteller/Lieferanten anzugeben) anrufen.

  P305+P351+P338：BEI KONTAKT MIT DEN AUGEN: Einige Minuten lang behutsam mit Wasser spülen. Eventuell vorhandene Kontaktlinsen nach Möglichkeit entfernen. Weiter spülen.

  P337+P313：Bei anhaltender Augenreizung: Ärztlichen Rat einholen/ärztliche Hilfe hinzuziehen.

Ammonium chloride Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden

• ERSCHEINUNGSBILD

  GERUCHLOSER FARBLOSER BIS WEISSER, HYGROSKOPISCHER FESTSTOFF IN VERSCHIEDENEN FORMEN.

• CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN

  Zersetzung beim Erhitzen unter Bildung giftiger und reizender Rauche (Stickstoffoxide, Ammoniak und Chlorwasserstoff). Schwache Säure in wässriger Lösung. Reagiert sehr heftig mit Ammoniumnitrat und Kaliumchlorat unter Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr. Greift Kupfer und seine Verbindungen an.

• ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE

  TLV: (als Ammoniumchlorid-Rauch) 10 mg/m?(als TWA); 20 mg/m?(als STEL); (ACGIH 2005).
  MAK nicht festgelegt (DFG 2005).
  

• AUFNAHMEWEGE

  Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation des Staubes oder Rauches und durch Verschlucken.

• INHALATIONSGEFAHREN

  Verdampfen bei 20°C vernachlässigbar; eine belästigende Partikelkonzentration in der Luft kann jedoch schnell erreicht werden.

• WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION

  WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION:
  Die Substanz reizt die Augen, die Haut und die Atemwege.

• LECKAGE

  Verschüttetes Material in Behältern sammeln; falls erforderlich durch Anfeuchten Staubentwicklung verhindern. Reste mit viel Wasser wegspülen. Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzgerät, P2-Filter für schädliche Partikel.

• R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:

  R22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Verschlucken.
  R36:Reizt die Augen.
  R41:Gefahr ernster Augenschäden.
  R37/38:Reizt die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.

• S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:

  S22:Staub nicht einatmen.
  S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
  S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.

• Chemische Eigenschaften

  Ammonium chloride,Nl4CI, also known as ammoniae, salmiai,and ammonium nituriate,is a white crystalline solid. It is soluble in water, aqueous solutionsof ammonia, and is slightly soluble in methyl alcohol. Ammonium chloride is found in natureas a sublimation productof volcanic activity, or is produced by neutralizing HCI(either in liquid or gaseousphase) with NH3 gas or liquid NH40H then evaporating the excess H20. The salt decomposes at350°C and sublimes under controlled conditions at 520 °C. Ammoniumchlorideis used as an electrolyte in dry cell batteries,as a fluxfor soldering, tinningandgalvanizing, andas a processing ingredientin textile printing and hide tanning. Use as a source of nitrogen for fertilizersis limited because of the possible build up of damaging chloride residuals in the soil.

• Elektrische Leitfähigkeit

  Concentration	0.50%	1%	2%	5%	10%
  mS/cm	10.5	20.4	40.3	95.3	180

• Physikalische Eigenschaften

  Colorless cubic crystals or white granular powder; saline taste; odorless; hygroscopic; does not melt but sublimes on heating at 340°C; vapor pressure 48.75 torr at 250°C and 251.2 torr at 300°C; density 1.5274 g/cm³ at 25°C; refractive index 1.642; readily dissolves in water, solubility: 229 g and 271 g/L solution at O°C and 20°C, respectively; solubility lowered by alkali metal chlorides and HCl; dissolution lowers the temperature of the solution; sparingly soluble in alcohols (6 g/L at 19°C) and soluble in liquid NH3; insoluble in acetone and ether.

• Occurrence

  Ammonium chloride occurs in nature in crevices near volcanoes. Also, it is found in smoke when burning dry camel or donkey dung as fuel. Important applications of this compound include the manufacture of dry cells for batteries; as a metal cleaner in soldering; as a flux in tin coating and galvanizing; in fertilizers; in pharmaceutical applications as a diuretic, or diaphoretic expectorant; and as an analytical standard in ammonia analysis. Also, it is used in freezing mixtures; washing powders; lustering cotton; in safety explosives and in dyeing and tanning.

• Verwenden

  Ammonium Chloride is a dough conditioner and yeast food that exists as colorless crystals or white crystalline powder. approximately 30–38 g dissolves in water at 25°c. the ph of a 1% solution at 25°c is 5.2. it is used as a dough strengthener and flavor enhancer in baked goods and as a nitrogen source for yeast fermentation. it is also used in condiments and relishes. another term for the salt is ammonium muriate.

• Application

  Ammonium chloride mediates the synthesis of 2-Aryl-Phthalazinone and acts as a Lewis acid to facilitate condensation and cyclization reactions[1]. The compound serves as a carbonization promotor in biomass and as a doping agent for oat straw pyrolysis samples to increase chlorine content[2].

• Application

  Ammonium chloride is also known as sal ammoniac. white crystals made by ammonia salts acting upon hydrochloric acid followed by crystallization. It was used as a halide in many processes, including the salted paper, albumen paper, albumen opaltype, and gelatin emulsion processes. ammonium chloride is also used as a thickener and as an additive in non-alcoholic toners. According to cosmetic formulators, the ammonium component provides the tingling or stinging sensation that some people associate with toners or aftershaves, and which, in regular toners, is usually provided by the alcohol content. Ammonium chloride’s use is the result of preference in formulation feel.

• synthetische

  Ammonium chloride is prepared commercially by reacting ammonia with hydrochloric acid. It may be prepared by fractional crystallization from a solution containing ammonium sulphate and sodium chloride or ammonium carbonate and calcium chloride. Because of it sease of preparation it can be manufacture dindustrially along side any plant that uses or produces ammonia. Ammonium chloride is used in dry cells, metal finishing, and in the preparation of cotton for dyeing and printing.

• Definition

  ChEBI: Ammonium chloride is an inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion. It has a role as a ferroptosis inhibitor. It is an inorganic chloride and an ammonium salt.

• Allgemeine Beschreibung

  Ammonium chloride is a white crystalline solid. Ammonium chloride is soluble in water(37%). The primary hazard is the threat posed to the environment. Immediate steps should be taken to limit its spread to the environment. Ammonium chloride is used to make other ammonium compounds, as a soldering flux, as a fertilizer, and for many other uses.

• Air & Water Reaktionen

  Soluble in water. Slowly releases hydrogen chloride [USCG, 1999].

• Reaktivität anzeigen

  Acidic salts, such as Ammonium chloride , are generally soluble in water. The resulting solutions contain moderate concentrations of hydrogen ions and have pH's of less than 7.0. They react as acids to neutralize bases. These neutralizations generate heat, but less or far less than is generated by neutralization of inorganic acids, inorganic oxoacids, and carboxylic acid. They usually do not react as either oxidizing agents or reducing agents but such behavior is not impossible. Many of these compounds catalyze organic reactions.

• Hazard

  Eye and upper respiratory tract irritant.

• Health Hazard

  Inhalation of fumes irritates respiratory passages. Ingestion irritates mouth and stomach. Fumes are irritating to eyes. Contact with skin may cause irritation.

• Flammability and Explosibility

  Non flammable

• Landwirtschaftliche Anwendung

  Ammonium chloride, like all other ammonium salts, is used as a fertilizer. It contains 24 to 26% nitrogen and is available as white crystals or granules. A coarse form of this fertilizer is preferred to the powdered form for direct application. It is used either directly for fertilization or in a variety of compound fertilizers, such as ammonium phosphate chloride or ammonium potassium chloride or in combination with urea or ammonium sulphate.
  As a fertilizer, ammonium chloride has an advantage in that it contains 26% nitrogen, which is higher than that found in ammonium sulphate (20.5%). In terms of per unit cost of nitrogen, ammonium chloride is relatively cheaper than ammonium sulphate and has some agronomic advantages for rice. Nitrification of ammonium chloride is less rapid than that of urea or ammonium sulphate. Therefore, nitrogen losses are lower and yields, higher. It is a good source of nitrogen for cotton, rice, wheat, barley, maize, sorghum, sugar cane and fiber crops.
  However, ammonium chloride is a highly acid forming fertilizer and the amount of calcium carbonate required to neutralize the acidity is more than the fertilizer itself, Further, it has a lower nitrogen content and a higher chloride content compared to urea and ammonium nitrate, making it harmful to some plants. It is not ideal for grapes, chilies, potatoes and tobacco as the added chlorine affects the quality and storability of these crops.

• Biochem/physiol Actions

  Ammonium chloride is one of the three principal components of the nitrogen cycle. Ammonium chloride administration promotes creatinine and urea clearance andinduces metabolic acidosis in mice. Excess of ammonium chloride inhibits Kreb′s pathway in brain and depletes ATP in astrocytes. Ammonium chloride inhibits acidification in the endosome-lysosome system. Ammonium chloride is a hemolysing agent used for the lysis of erythrocytes.

• Sicherheit(Safety)

  Ammonium chloride is used in oral pharmaceutical formulations. The pure form of ammonium chloride is toxic by SC, IV, and IM routes, and moderately toxic by other routes. Potential symptoms of overexposure to fumes are irritation of eyes, skin, respiratory system: cough, dyspnea, and pulmonary sensitization. Ammonium salts are an irritant to the gastric mucosa and may induce nausea and vomiting.
  LD₅₀ (mouse, IP): 1.44 g/kg
  LD₅₀ (mouse, oral): 1.3 g/kg
  LD₅₀ (rat, IM): 0.03 g/kg
  LD₅₀ (rat, oral): 1.65 g/kg

• mögliche Exposition

  Ammonium chloride is used as an industrial chemical, pharmaceutical, and veterinary drug; to make dry batteries; in galvanizing; as a soldering flux.

• Veterinary Drugs and Treatments

  The veterinary indications for ammonium chloride are as a urinary acidifying agent to help prevent and dissolve certain types of uroliths (e.g., struvite), to enhance renal excretion of some types of toxins (e.g., strontium, strychnine) or drugs (e.g., quinidine), or to enhance the efficacy of certain antimicrobials (e.g., chlortetracycline, methenamine mandelate, nitrofurantoin, oxytetracycline, penicillin G or tetracycline) when treating urinary tract infections. Ammonium chloride has also been used intravenously for the rapid correction of metabolic alkalosis.
  Because of changes in feline diets to restrict struvite and as struvite therapeutic diets (e.g., s/d) cause aciduria, ammonium chloride is not commonly recommended for struvite uroliths in cats.

• Lager

  Ammonium chloride is chemically stable. It decomposes completely at 3388℃ to form ammonia and hydrochloric acid. Store in airtight containers in a cool, dry place.

• Versand/Shipping

  UN3077 Environmentally hazardous substances, solid, n.o.s., Hazard class: 9; Labels: 9-Miscellaneous hazardous material, Technical Name Required.

• läuterung methode

  Crystallise it several times from conductivity water (1.5mL/g) between 90o and 0o. It sublimes. After one crystallisation, ACS grade has: metal(ppm) As (1.2), K (1), Sb (7.2), V (10.2). [Becher in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 812 1963.]

• Inkompatibilitäten

  Ammonium chloride is incompatible with strong acids and strong bases. It reacts violently with ammonium nitrate and potassium chlorate, causing fire and explosion hazards. It also attacks copper and its compounds.

• Waste disposal

  Pretreatment involves addition of sodium hydroxide to liberate ammonia and form the soluble sodium salt. The liberated ammonia can be recovered and sold. After dilution to the permitted provisional limit, the sodium salt can be discharged into a stream or sewer.

• Regulatory Status

  GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (oral syrup, tablets). Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe. Included in medicines licensed in the UK (eye drops; oral syrup).

• Einzelnachweise

  [1] Lokhande, M., Patil, A. M., Lagad, P. M., Soge, B., Meshram, R., Lokhande, M., & Lokhande, P. (2023). Ammonium Chloride Mediated Synthesis of 2-Aryl-Phthalazinone From O-Formyl Benzoic Acid and In Silico Applications. Arkivoc. https://doi.org/10.24820/ark.5550190.p011.972
  [2] Jerzak, W., Wądrzyk, M., Kalemba-Rec, I., Bieniek, A., & Magdziarz, A. (2023). Release of chlorine during oat straw pyrolysis doped with char and ammonium chloride. Renewable Energy, 215, Article 118923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2023.118923

Ammonium chloride Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte

Ammoniumchlorid Anbieter Lieferant Produzent Hersteller Vertrieb Händler.

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