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Titanium dioxide

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Titanium dioxide Basic information
Titanium dioxide Chemical Properties
  • Melting point:1840 °C
  • Boiling point:2900 °C
  • Density 4.26 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
  • refractive index 2.61
  • Flash point:2500-3000°C
  • storage temp. -20°C
  • solubility Practically insoluble in water. It does not dissolve in dilute mineral acids but dissolves slowly in hot concentrated sulfuric acid.
  • form powder
  • Specific Gravity4.26
  • color White to slightly yellow
  • PH7-8 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)(slurry)
  • Water Solubility insoluble
  • Crystal StructureOrthorhombic, Pcab
  • Merck 14,9472
  • CAS DataBase Reference13463-67-7(CAS DataBase Reference)
  • IARC2B (Vol. 47, 93) 2010
  • NIST Chemistry ReferenceTitanium dioxide(13463-67-7)
  • EPA Substance Registry SystemTitanium dioxide (13463-67-7)
Safety Information
MSDS
Titanium dioxide Usage And Synthesis
  • UsesTitanium (IV) dioxide (TiO2), also known as rutile, is one of the best-known compounds used as a paint pigment. It is ideal for paints exposed to severe temperatures and marine climates because of its inertness and self-cleaning attributes. It is also used in manufacture of glassware, ceramics, enamels, welding rods, and floor coverings.
  • Chemical PropertiesThe naturally occurring dioxide exists in three crystal forms: anatase, rutile and brookite. While rutile, the most common form, has an octahedral structure. Anatase and brookite have very distorted octahedra of oxygen atoms surrounding each titanium atom. In such distorted octahedral structures, two oxygen atoms are relatively closer to titanium than the other four oxygen atoms. Anatase is more stable than the rutile form by about 8 to 12 kJ/mol (Cotton, F.A., Wilkinson, G., Murillo, C.A and M Bochmann. 1999. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th ed, p. 697, New York: John Wiley & Sons) Other physical properties are: density 4.23g/cm3; Mohs hardness 5.8 g/cm3 ( anatase and brookite) and 6.2 g/cm3 ( rutile); index of refraction 2.488 (anatase), 2.583 (brookite) and 2.609 (rutile); melts at 1,843°C; insoluble in water and dilute acids; soluble in concentrated acids.
  • Chemical PropertiesTtitanium dioxide is an odorless white powder.
  • Chemical PropertiesWhite, amorphous, odorless, and tasteless nonhygroscopic powder. Although the average particle size of titanium dioxide powder is less than 1 mm, commercial titanium dioxide generally occurs as aggregated particles of approximately 100 mm diameter.
    Titanium dioxide may occur in several different crystalline forms: rutile; anatase; and brookite. Of these, rutile and anatase are the only forms of commercial importance. Rutile is the more thermodynamically stable crystalline form, but anatase is the form most commonly used in pharmaceutical applications.
  • Physical propertiesThe naturally occurring dioxide exists in three crystal forms: anatase, rutile and brookite. While rutile, the most common form, has an octahedral structure. Anatase and brookite have very distorted octahedra of oxygen atoms surrounding each titanium atom. In such distorted octahedral structures, two oxygen atoms are relatively closer to titanium than the other four oxygen atoms. Anatase is more stable than the rutile form by about 8 to 12 kJ/mol (Cotton, F.A., Wilkinson, G., Murillo, C.A and M Bochmann. 1999. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, 6th ed, p. 697, New York: John Wiley & Sons) Other physical properties are: density 4.23g/cm3; Mohs hardness 5.8 g/cm3 ( anatase and brookite) and 6.2 g/cm3 ( rutile); index of refraction 2.488 (anatase), 2.583 (brookite) and 2.609 (rutile); melts at 1,843°C; insoluble in water and dilute acids; soluble in concentrated acids.
  • UsesTitanium dioxide is an extreme white and bright compound with high index of refraction. In paints it is a white pigment and an opacifying agent.It is in house paints, water paints, lacquers, enamels, paper filling and coating, rubber, plastics, printing ink, synthetic fabrics, floor coverings, and shoe whiteners. Also, it is used in colorants for ceramics and coatings for welding rods. A rutile form of the dioxide is used in synthetic gem stones.
  • UsesAirfloated ilmenite is used for titanium pigment manufacture. Rutile sand is suitable for welding-rod-coating materials, as ceramic colorant, as source of titanium metal. As color in the food industry. Anatase titanium dioxide is used for welding-rod-coatings, acid resistant vitreous enamels, in specification paints, exterior white house paints, acetate rayon, white interior air-dry and baked enamels and lacquers, inks and plastics, for paper filling and coating, in water paints, tanners' leather finishes, shoe whiteners, and ceramics. High opacity and tinting values are claimed for rutile-like pigments.
  • Usestitanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the 21 FDA-approved sunscreen chemicals with an approved usage level of 2 to 25 percent. When applied, titanium dioxide remains on the skin’s surface, scattering uV light. It is often used in conjunction with other sunscreen chemicals to boost the product’s SPF value, thus reducing the risk of irritation or allergies attributed to excessive usage of chemical sunscreens. Its incorporation into sunscreen formulations, makeup bases, and daytime moisturizers depends on the particular size of titanium dioxide employed. The smaller the particle size, the more unobtrusive Tio2’s application. Large particles, on the other hand, leave a whitish wash or look on the skin. Some companies list “micro” or “ultra” when referring to the size of the titanium dioxide particle. According to some sources, titanium dioxide could be the ideal uVA/uVB protection component given its chemical, cosmetic, and physical characteristics. Titanium dioxide is also used to provide a white color to cosmetic preparations.
  • UsesTitanium Dioxide is a white pigment that disperses in liquids and possesses great opacifying power. the crystalline modifications of titanium dioxide are rutile and anatase, of which only anatase finds use as a color additive.
  • PreparationTitanium dioxide is mined from natural deposits. It also is produced from other titanium minerals or prepared in the laboratory. Pigment-grade dioxide is produced from the minerals, rutile and ilmenite. Rutile is converted to pigment grade rutile by chlorination to give titanium tetrachloride, TiCl4. Anhydrous tetrachloride is converted back to purified rutile form by vapor phase oxidation.
    Anatase form is obtained by hydrolytic precipitation of titanium(IV) sulfate on heating. The mineral ilmenite is treated with concentrated sulfuric acid. Heating the sulfate solution precipitates hydrous titanium oxide. The precipitate is calcined to expel all water.
    Titanium dioxide also can be prepared by heating Ti metal in air or oxygen at elevated temperatures.
  • Application
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    Industry
    Application
    Role/benefit
    Pigment
    Optical coating for dielectric mirrors and gemstones
    Brightness and very high refractive index
    Paper coating
    Helps to make paper whiter, brighter and more opaque
    Plastics, adhesives and rubber
    Helps minimize the brittleness, fading and cracking that can occur as a result of light exposure
    Food Contact materials and ingredients
    Prevents premature degradation and enhance the longevity of the product
    Paints
    Gives paint its high gloss and rich depth of color
    Ceramic glazes
    Acts as an opacifier and seeds crystal formation
    Cosmetic
    Sunscreens
    Active ingredients/high refractive index and strong UV light absorbing capabilities
    Daily cosmetics or make-up materials
    Additive/aids in hiding blemishes and brightening the skin
    Toothpastes
    Additive/helps to whiten tooth
    Catalyst
    Dye-sensitized solar cell
    Can produce electricity in nanoparticle form
    Hydrolysis reaction
    Catalyzes the photo decomposition of water into hydrogen and oxygen
    Automotive, power stations, etc.
    Helps to removes harmful exhaust gas emissions, such as nitrous oxides, volatile organic compounds, etc.
    Detoxification or remediation of wastewater
    Photocatalytically mineralizes pollutants (to convert into CO2 and H2O) in waste water
    Photocatalytic antimicrobial coating
    Photocatalytic destruction of organic matter
    Others
    Oxygen sensor
    The electrical resistivity of TiO2 can be correlated to the oxygen content of the atmosphere
    Anti-fogging coatings and self-cleaning windows
    Under exposure to UV light, TiO2 becomes increasingly hydrophilic
    Coated ceramic tile
    Disinfectant and self-cleaning qualities
    Treatment of the air in fruit, vegetable and cut flower storage areas
    Removes ethylene gas to prevent spoilage and prevents internal combustion
    Memristor
    Can be employed for solar energy conversion
    Mixed conductor
    Significant ionic and electronic conduction
  • Production MethodsTitanium dioxide occurs naturally as the minerals rutile (tetragonal structure), anatase (tetragonal structure), and brookite (orthorhombic structure).
    Titanium dioxide may be prepared commercially by either the sulfate or chloride process. In the sulfate process a titanium containing ore, such as ilemenite, is digested in sulfuric acid. This step is followed by dissolving the sulfates in water, then precipitating the hydrous titanium dioxide using hydrolysis. Finally, the product is calcinated at high temperature. In the chloride process, the dry ore is chlorinated at high temperature to form titanium tetrachloride, which is subsequently oxidized to form titanium dioxide.
  • Production MethodsThere are two major processes for the manufacture of titanium dioxide pigments, namely sulfate route and chloride route. In the sulfate process, the ore limonite, FeOTiO2, is dissolved in sulfuric acid and the resultant solution is hydrolyzed by boiling to produce a hydrated oxide, while the iron remains in solution. The precipitated titanium hydrate is washed and leached free of soluble impurities. Controlled calcinations at about 1000°C produce pigmentary titanium dioxide of the correct crystal size distribution; this material is then subjected to a finishing coating treatment and milling.
    The chloride process uses gaseous chlorination of mineral rutile, followed by distillation and finally a vapor phase oxidation of the titanium tetrachloride.
  • HazardLower respiratory tract irritant. Possible carcinogen.
  • Health HazardTitanium dioxide is a mild pulmonary irritant and is generally regarded as a nuisance dust.
  • Pharmaceutical ApplicationsTitanium dioxide is widely used in confectionery, cosmetics, and foods, in the plastics industry, and in topical and oral pharmaceutical formulations as a white pigment.
    Owing to its high refractive index, titanium dioxide has lightscattering properties that may be exploited in its use as a white pigment and opacifier. The range of light that is scattered can be altered by varying the particle size of the titanium dioxide powder. For example, titanium dioxide with an average particle size of 230nm scatters visible light, while titanium dioxide with an average particle size of 60nm scatters ultraviolet light and reflects visible light.
    In pharmaceutical formulations, titanium dioxide is used as a white pigment in film-coating suspensions, sugar-coated tablets, and gelatin capsules. Titanium dioxide may also be admixed with other pigments.
    Titanium dioxide is also used in dermatological preparations and cosmetics, such as sunscreens.
  • Safety ProfileA nuisance dust. A human skin irritant. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic, neoplastigenic, and tumorigenic data. Violent or incandescent reaction with metals at high temperatures (e.g., aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, lithium). See also TITANIUM COMPOUNDS.
  • SafetyTitanium dioxide is widely used in foods and oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations. It is generally regarded as an essentially nonirritant and nontoxic excipient.
  • Potential ExposureTitanium dioxide is a white pigment used as a pigment in paint; in the rubber, plastics, ceramics, paint, and varnish industries, in dermatological preparations; and is used as a starting material for other titanium compounds; as a gem; in curing concrete; and in coatings for welding rods. It is also used in paper and cardboard manufacture.
  • CarcinogenicityCarcinogenesis. In a 1985 study, rats (CD) were exposed to graded airborne concentrations (0, 10, 50, and 250mg/m3) of TiO2 6 h/day, 5 days/week, for 2 years. The majority of the particles were in the respirable range (84% ≤13 mmMMD). All responses were confined to the lungs. At the lowest dose, the histopathological evaluation of the lungs revealed dust-laden macrophages in the alveolar ducts and adjacent alveoli with pneumocyte hyperplasia. At the two highest concentrations, there were increases in lung weight, accumulation of dust in the macrophages, foamy macrophage responses, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, alveolar proteinosis, alveolar bronchiolization, cholesterol granulomas, focal pleurisy, and dust deposition in the tracheobronchiolar lymph nodes. At the 250mg/m3 exposure concentration, bronchiole alveolar adenomas (males: control 2/79, 250mg/m3 12/79; females: control 0/79, 250mg/m3 13/79) increased. Additionally, 13/79 females at the 250mg/m3 dose showed squamous cell carcinoma, compared with none in 79 controls. Theauthorsnoted that this responsemight have little biological relevance to humans because of the overload of respiratory clearance mechanisms and also pointed out that the type, location, and development of the tumors were different from those in human lung tumors. It is not clear that the nasal cavity epithelium was examined. However, the nasal cavity load would be expected to be higher in the rats because of anatomic structure, whereas the lung deposition should be higher in humans because we are, in part, mouth breathers.
  • storageTitanium dioxide is extremely stable at high temperatures. This is due to the strong bond between the tetravalent titanium ion and the bivalent oxygen ions. However, titanium dioxide can lose small, unweighable amounts of oxygen by interaction with radiant energy. This oxygen can easily recombine again as a part of a reversible photochemical reaction, particularly if there is no oxidizable material available. These small oxygen losses are important because they can cause significant changes in the optical and electrical properties of the pigment.
    Titanium dioxide should be stored in a well-closed container, protected from light, in a cool, dry place.
  • IncompatibilitiesTitanium dioxide is incompatible with strong oxidizers and strong acids. Violent or incandescent reactions may occur with metals (e.g., aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and lithium).
  • IncompatibilitiesOwing to a photocatalytic effect, titanium dioxide may interact with certain active substances, e.g. famotidine. Studies have shown that titanium dioxide monatonically degrades film mechanical properties and increases water vapor permeability of polyvinyl alcohol coatings when used as an inert filler and whitener.
    Titanium dioxide has also been shown to induce photooxidation of unsaturated lipids.
  • Waste DisposalLand fill.
  • Regulatory StatusAccepted as a food additive in Europe. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (dental paste; intrauterine suppositories; ophthalmic preparations; oral capsules, suspensions, tablets; topical and transdermal preparations). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
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