(R*,R*)-1,4-Dimercaptobutan-2,3-diol

Gefahreninformationscode (GHS)

• Bildanzeige (GHS)

  

• Alarmwort

  Achtung

• Gefahrenhinweise

  H302：Gesundheitsschädlich bei Verschlucken.

  H315：Verursacht Hautreizungen.

  H318：Verursacht schwere Augenschäden.

• Sicherheit

  P264：Nach Gebrauch gründlich waschen.

  P264：Nach Gebrauch gründlich waschen.

  P270：Bei Gebrauch nicht essen, trinken oder rauchen.

  P280：Schutzhandschuhe/Schutzkleidung/Augenschutz tragen.

  P301+P312：BEI VERSCHLUCKEN: Bei Unwohlsein GIFTINFORMATIONSZENTRUM/Arzt/... (geeignete Stelle für medizinische Notfallversorgung vom Hersteller/Lieferanten anzugeben) anrufen.

  P302+P352：BEI BERÜHRUNG MIT DER HAUT: Mit viel Wasser/... (Hersteller kann, falls zweckmäßig, ein Reinigungsmittel angeben oder, wenn Wasser eindeutig ungeeignet ist, ein alternatives Mittel empfehlen) waschen.

  P305+P351+P338：BEI KONTAKT MIT DEN AUGEN: Einige Minuten lang behutsam mit Wasser spülen. Eventuell vorhandene Kontaktlinsen nach Möglichkeit entfernen. Weiter spülen.

DL-Dithiothreitol Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden

• R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:

  R25:Giftig beim Verschlucken.
  R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
  R22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Verschlucken.
  R20/21/22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen,Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.

• S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:

  S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
  S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
  S37/39:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzbrille/Gesichtsschutz tragen.
  S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.

• Chemische Eigenschaften

  Dithiothreitol (DTT), also known as Cleland's reagent, is a small-molecule redox reagent . Its oxidized form is a disulfide-bonded 6-membered ring. DTT has an epimeric ('sister') compound, dithioerythritol (DTE).
  DTT is a white crystalline powder. It is highly soluble in water (clear solution, OD<0.05 at 0.02M), but also in ethanol, chloroform, ether and ethyl acetate.
  DTT is an unusually strong reducing agent, with a redox potential of -0.33 V at pH 7. The pKa of thiol groups is typically ~8.3.
  
  The reduction of a typical disulfide bond proceeds by two sequential thiol-disulfide exchange reactions.

• Verwenden

  Dithiothreitol is a redox reagent commonly used as a reducing agent for thiolated DNA. Dithiothreitol is also used to reduce the disulfide bonds of proteins.

• Verwenden

  DL-dithiothreitol (DTT) is a sulfhydryl compound that acts both as a reagent reducing disulfide bonds and as a protein denaturant on staphylococcal biofilm (Wu et al. 2011). Thanks to these properties, DTT is routinely used in clinical microbiology to liquefy respiratory specimens, but it has also been proven effective to detach biofilm from orthopaedic prosthesis (Drago et al. 2012, 2013). Since it is crucial to discriminate implant-related infections from aseptic loosening in orthopaedics, and because of the difficulty to diagnose subclinical infections, a prompt diagnosis of indwelling device-related infection is important for successful treatments (Borens et al. 2013). A fast microbiological diagnosis and bacterial identification should be recommended in order to set up a specific antimicrobial therapy. According to this strategy, the bacterial detachment from biofilm on explants should be accelerated by supporting the pathogen viability.

• Definition

  ChEBI: 1,4-dithiothreitol is the threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol. It has a role as a reducing agent, a chelator and a human metabolite. It is a dithiol and a 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.

• Application

  Dithiothreitol (DTT) is a water-soluble reducing reagent used for various applications in biotechnology, biology and biochemistry :
  reduces quantitatively disulfides, generating sulfhydryls (used typically at 1-10mM for protein SS reduction)
  reduction of proteins before SDS-PAGE analysis, studies of protein structure and function (Kaji 1993)
  keep sulfhydryl groups of biomolecules in the reduced state - protects biomolecules in various applications (enzymes or receptors, living cells under ionizing radiations)
  prevents the fading of fluorescence such as FITC labeled conjugates (Picciolo 1984)

• Allgemeine Beschreibung

  1,4-Dithiothreitol (DTT) is the threo isomer of 2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-dithiolbutane, and an isomer of 1,4-dithioerythritol. DTT is used in molecular biology to maintain sulfhydryl (-SH) groups in the reduced state and for quantitative reduction of disulfide (-S-S-) groups, as described by Cleland in his pioneering publication from the 1960's. Its usefulness as an reducing agent stems from its water solubility and reduced odor compared to previous thiol compounds.
  DTT is oxidized to the cyclic disulfide, and thereby ensures the reduction of other disulfides in solution. The disulfide reduction is complete in minutes at pH 8. DTT is less pungent and less toxic than 2-mercaptoethanol. Typically, a 7-fold lower concentration of DTT (100 mM) is required compared to 2-mercaptoethanol (5% v/v, 700 mM).

• Biochem/physiol Actions

  DL-Dithiothreitol denatures proteins by reducing the disulphide bonds and reducing them to SH groups. It also prevents intramolecular and intermolecular disulfide bond formation between cysteine residues of proteins.

• Toxikologie

  The thiol-containing compound Dithiothreitol (DTT) is toxic to cultured cells by inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species that ultimately cause cell death. DTT treatment triggers the transcription of the canonical apoptosis regulators grim, hid, and rpr at low amounts. The amplitude of this induction declines with elevating DTT amounts. Through Live microscopy, Wang et al. have observed apoptotic cells, especially in the gut of DTT-treated flies. In parallel, low DTT amounts also activate the expression of the cuticle barrier component gene snsl. This indicates that a physical defense response is launched upon DTT contact. This combined measure is seemingly successful in preventing fly death. The expression of several known detoxification genes, including cyp6a2, cyp6a8, cyp12d1, and GstD2, is also enhanced through DTT contact[1].

• Einzelnachweise

  [1] Yiwen Wang . “Toxicity of Dithiothreitol (DTT) to Drosophila melanogaster.” Toxicology Reports 8 (2021): Pages 124-130.

• Synthese

  The most widely used DL-Dithiothreitol (DTT) synthetic method is to be raw material with Soviet Union's moss sugar alcohol, use potassium permanganate oxidation earlier, obtains the sulfo-intermediate again under the thioacetic acid effect, and this sulfo-intermediate of hydrolysis obtains DTT at last.
  Yu discloses a synthesizing method of DL-Dithiothreitol.1,4-butylene glycol is used as an initiating raw material and undergoes an addition reaction with bromine at first to obtain 2,3-dibromo-1,4-butylene glycol; hydrolyzation under the catalyzation of alkali is carried out to obtain dioxirane; addition reaction with thioacetic acid is carried out to obtain dithiothreitol diacetate; and finally hydrolyzation under the catalyzation of alkali is carried out to obtain the DL-Dithiothreitol.

• Lager

  Store lyophilized at 4°C, desiccated. In lyophilized form, the chemical is stable for 12 months. Once in solution, store at -20°C and use within 3 months to prevent loss of potency. Aliquot to avoid multiple freeze/thaw cycles.
  DTT solutions should be prepared fresh daily. If improperly stored (including room temperature and solution forms) its reducing ability may be reduced. Exposure to air should be minimized, even though DTT has a lower tendency to be oxidized directly by air than other reducing agents.
  Recorded half-life of DTT solutions at various pH and temperatures (all are in M potassium phosphate buffer):
  pH 6.5 @ 20°C= 40 hours
  pH 7.5 @ 20°C = 10 hours
  pH 8.5 @ 20°C = 1.4 hours
  pH 8.5 @ 0°C = 11 hours
  pH 8.5 @ 40°C = 0.2 hours
  pH 8.5 @20°C (+0.1 mM Cu2+) = 0.6 hours
  pH 8.5 @20°C (+0.1 mM EDTA) = 4 hours

DL-Dithiothreitol Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte

(R*,R*)-1,4-Dimercaptobutan-2,3-diol Anbieter Lieferant Produzent Hersteller Vertrieb Händler.

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