Uses
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) is a polar aprotic solvent that has the advantages of low toxicity, high boiling point, outstanding solvency, strong selectivity and good stability.
It is widely used in purification of aromatic hydrocarbon extraction, acetylene, olefins, and diolefins.
It is used in industrial cleaning, and it serves as a solvent for production of pesticides, engineering plastics, coatings, synthetic fibers, and integrated circuits.
It can also be used as an industrial cleanser, dispersant, dye, lubricant and antifreeze.
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is an excellent solvent, widely used in aromatics extraction, lubricating oil refining, acetylene enrichment, butadiene separation and synthesis gas desulfurization.
It is used in gas desulfurization, lubricating oil refining, lubricating oil antifreeze, olefin extraction, and as a solvent for insoluble engineering plastics polymerization.
It can be used in herbicide, to clean insulation materials, semiconductor industry precision instruments and circuit boards, to recycle PVC exhaust, as a detergent, dye supplement and dispersing agent.
It is used in mediums for polymerization reactions such as engineering plastics and aramid fiber.
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is used as a polyvinylidene fluoride solvent and electrode auxiliary material for lithium ion batteries.
high purity grade for ICP-MS detection.
For peptide synthesis.
toxicity
Oral (mus)LD50:5130 mg/kg;Oral (rat)LD50:3914 mg/kg;Dermal (rbt)LD50:8000 mg/kg.
Waste Disposal
Consult state, local or national regulations for proper disposal. Disposal must be made according to official regulations. Water, if necessary with cleansing agents.
storage
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is hygroscopic (picks up moisture) but stable under normal conditions. It will violently react with strong oxidizers such as hydrogen peroxide, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, etc. The primary decomposition products produce carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxide fumes. Excessive exposure or spillage should be avoided as a matter of good practice. Lyondell Chemical Company recommends wearing butyl gloves when using N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone. N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone should be stored in clean, phenolic-lined mild steel or alloy drums. Teflon®1 and Kalrez®1 have been shown to be suitable gasket materials. Please review MSDS prior to handling.
Description
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is an aprotic solvent with a
wide range of applications: petrochemical processing,
surface coating, dyes and pigments, industrial and
domestic cleaning compounds, and agricultural and
pharmaceutical formulations. It is mainly an irritant,
but has also caused several cases of contact dermatitis
in a small electrotechnical company.
Chemical Properties
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is a colourless or light yellow liquid with an amine odour. It can undergo a number of chemical reactions even though it is accepted as a stable solvent. It is resistant to hydrolysis under neutral conditions, but strong acid or base treatment results in ring opening to 4-methyl aminobutyric acid. N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone can be reduced to 1-methyl pyrrolidine with borohydride. Treatment with chlorinating agents results in amide formation,an intermediate which can undergo further substitution, while treatment with amyl nitrate yields the nitrate. Olefins can be added to the 3 position by treatment first with oxalic esters, then with appropriate aldehyes (Hort and Anderson 1982).
Uses
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is a polar solvent that is used in organic chemistry and polymer chemistry. Large scale applications include the recovery and purification of acetylenes, olefins, and diolefins, gas purification, and aromatics extraction from feedstocks.N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is a versatile industrial solvent. NMP is currently approved for use only in veterinary pharmaceuticals. The determination of the disposition and metabolism of NMP in the rat will contribute toward understanding the toxicology of this exogenous chemical which man may likely be exposed to in increasing amounts.
Uses
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, is useful for spectrophotometry, chromatography and ICP-MS detection.
Uses
Solvent for high-temperature resins;
petrochemical processing, in the microelectronics
fabrication industry, dyes and pigments,
industrial and domestic cleaning compounds;
agricultural and pharmaceutical formulations
Production Methods
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is manufactured by the reaction of buytrolactone with methylamine (Hawley 1977). Other processes include preparation by hydrogenation of solutions of maleic or succinic acids with methylamine (Hort and Anderson 1982). Manufacturers of this chemical include Lachat Chemical, Inc, Mequon, Wisconsin and GAF Corporation, Covert City, California.
Definition
ChEBI: N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one is a member of the class of pyrrolidine-2-ones that is pyrrolidin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. It has a role as a polar aprotic solvent. It is a N-alkylpyrrolidine, a lactam and a member of pyrrolidin-2-ones.
General Description
N-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidone (NMP) is a powerful, aprotic solvent with high solvency, and low volatility. This colorless, high boiling, high flash point and low vapor pressure liquid carries a mild amine-like odor. NMP has high chemical and thermal stability and is completely miscible with water at all temperatures. NMP can serve as a co-solvent with water, alcohols, glycol ethers, ketones, and aromatic/chlorinated hydrocarbons. NMP is both recyclable by distillation and readily biodegradable. NMP is not found on the Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) list of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.
Air & Water Reactions
Soluble in water.
Reactivity Profile
This amine is a very mild chemical base. N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone does tend to neutralize acids to form salts plus water. The amount of heat that is evolved per mole of amine in a neutralization is largely independent of the strength of the amine as a base. Amines may be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated by amines in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.
Hazard
Severe skin and eye irritant. Explosive lim-its 2.2–12.2%.
Health Hazard
Inhalation of hot vapors can irritate nose and throat. Ingestion causes irritation of mouth and stomach. Contact with eyes causes irritation. Repeated and prolonged skin contact produces a mild, transient irritation.
Fire Hazard
Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic oxides of nitrogen may be formed in fire.
Flammability and Explosibility
Non flammable
Industrial uses
1) N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is used as a general dipolar aprotic solvent, stable and unreactive;
2) for extraction of aromatic hydrocarbons from lubricating oils;
3) for carbon dioxide removal in ammonia generators;
4) as a solvent for polymerization reactions and polymers;
5) as a paint stripper;
6) for pesticide formulations (USEPA 1985).
Other non-industrial uses of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone are based on its properties as a dissociating solvent suitable for electrochemical and physical chemical studies (Langan and Salman 1987). Pharmaceutical applications make use of the properties of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a penetration enhancer for a more rapid transfer of substances through the skin (Kydoniieus 1987; Barry and Bennett 1987; Akhter and Barry 1987). N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone has been approved as a solvent for slimicide application to food packaging materials (USDA 1986).
Contact allergens
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone is an aprotic solvent with a wide range of applications: petrochemical processing, surface coating, dyes and pigments, industrial and domestic cleaning compounds, and agricultural and pharmaceutical formulations. It is mainly an irritant, but it can cause severe contact dermatitis due to prolonged contact.
Safety Profile
Poison by intravenous
route. Moderately toxic by ingestion and
intraperitoneal routes. Mildly toxic by skin
contact. An experimental teratogen.
Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation
data reported. Combustible when exposed
to heat, open flame, or powerful oxidizers.
To fight fire, use foam, CO2, dry chemical.
When heated to decomposition it emits
toxic fumes of NOx.
Carcinogenicity
Rats were exposed to N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone vapor at 0, 0.04, or 0.4 mg/L for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for 2 years.Male rats at 0.4 mg/L showed slightly reduced mean body weight. No life-shortening toxic or carcinogenic effects were observed in rats exposed for 2 years to either 0.04 or 0.4mg/L of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone. By the dermal route, a group of 32 mice received an initiation dose of 25mg of N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone followed 2 weeks later by applications of the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate, three times a week, for more than 25 weeks. Dimethylcarbamoyl chloride and dimethylbenzanthracene served as positive controls. Although the N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone group had three skin tumors, this response was not considered significant when compared with that of the positive controls.
Metabolic pathway
Rats are administered radio-labeled N-methyl-2-
pyrrolidinone (NMP), and the major route of excretion
by rats is via the urine. The major metabolite,
representing 70-75% of the administered dose, is
4-(methylamino)butenoic acid. This unsaturated intact
product may be formed from the elimination of water,
and a hydroxyl group may be present on the
metabolite prior to acid hydrolysis.
Metabolism
Male Sprague-Dawley rats were given a single intraperitoneal injection (45 mg/kg) of radiolabeled 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. Plasma levels of radioactivity and compound were monitored for six hours and the results suggested a rapid distribution phase which was followed by a slow elimination phase. The major amount of label was excreted in the urine within 12 hours and accounted for approximately 75% of the labelled dose. Twenty-four hours after dosage, cumulative excretion (urine) was approximately 80% of the dose. Both ring- and methyl-labeled species were used, as well as both [
14C]- and [3H]-labeled l-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. The initial labeled ratios were maintained during the first 6 hours after dosage. After 6 hours, the liver and intestines were found to contain the highest accumulations of radioactivity, approximately 2-4% of the dose. Little radioactivity was noted in the bile or respired air. High performance liquid chromatography of urine showed the presence of one major and two minor metabolites. The major metabolite (70-75% of the administered radioactive dose) was analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and was proposed to be a 3- or 5-hydroxy-l-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (Wells 1987).
Purification Methods
Dry the pyrrolidone by removing water as the *benzene azeotrope. Fractionally distil at 10 torr through a 100-cm column packed with glass helices. [Adelman J Org Chem 29 1837 1964, McElvain & Vozza J Am Chem Soc 71 896 1949.] The hydrochloride has m 86-88o (from EtOH or Me2CO/EtOH) [Reppe et al. Justus Liebigs Ann Chem 596 1 1955]. [Beilstein 21 II 213, 21 III/IV 3145, 21/6 V 321.]
Toxics Screening Level
The Initial Threshold Screening Level (ITSL) for N-Methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) is 5,600 μg/m3 with a 24 hour averaging time (AT).
