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ХЛОРАЛЬГИДРАТ
- английское имяChloral hydrate
- CAS №302-17-0
- CBNumberCB0198709
- ФормулаC2H3Cl3O2
- мольный вес165.4
- EINECS206-117-5
- номер MDLMFCD00044479
- файл Mol302-17-0.mol
Температура плавления | 57 °C(lit.) |
Температура кипения | 97 °C |
плотность | 1.43 g/mL at 20 °C |
давление пара | 19.998hPa at 25℃ |
показатель преломления | 1.4603 (estimate) |
Fp | 16 °C |
температура хранения | 0-6°C |
растворимость | Very soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol (96 per cent). |
пка | 10(at 25℃) |
форма | A crystalline solid |
Удельный вес | 1.91 |
РН | 3.5-5.5 (20℃, 10%) |
Растворимость в воде | 660 g/100 mL |
Мерк | 13,2080 |
БРН | 1698497 |
Диэлектрическая постоянная | 5.5(15℃) |
Стабильность | Stable, but may be air or light sensitive. Incompatible with alcohols, cyanides, iodine, strong bases, carbonates. |
ИнЧИКей | RNFNDJAIBTYOQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N |
LogP | 1.092 at 25℃ |
Справочник по базе данных CAS | 302-17-0(CAS DataBase Reference) |
Непрямые добавки, используемые в веществах, контактирующих с пищевыми продуктами | CHLORAL HYDRATE |
FDA 21 CFR | 175.105; 176.180; 310.545 |
Рейтинг продуктов питания EWG | 3-6 |
FDA UNII | 418M5916WG |
Словарь онкологических терминов NCI | oral |
Код УВД | N05CC01 |
Предложение 65 Список | Chloral Hydrate |
МАИР | 2A (Vol. 63, 84, 106) 2014 |
Справочник по химии NIST | Chloral hydrate(302-17-0) |
Система регистрации веществ EPA | Chloral hydrate (302-17-0) |
Коды опасности | T,F,Xn | |||||||||
Заявления о рисках | 25-36/38-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-11-36/37/38-36-20/21/22 | |||||||||
Заявления о безопасности | 26-45-25-23-36/37-16-27 | |||||||||
РИДАДР | UN 3286 3/PG 2 | |||||||||
WGK Германия | 2 | |||||||||
RTECS | FM8750000 | |||||||||
Класс опасности | 6.1(b) | |||||||||
Группа упаковки | III | |||||||||
кода HS | 29055900 | |||||||||
Банк данных об опасных веществах | 302-17-0(Hazardous Substances Data) | |||||||||
Токсичность | LD50 oral in rat: 479mg/kg | |||||||||
NFPA 704: |
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рисовальное письмо(GHS)
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рисовальное письмо(GHS)
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сигнальный язык
опасность
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вредная бумага
H315:При попадании на кожу вызывает раздражение.
H319:При попадании в глаза вызывает выраженное раздражение.
H301:Токсично при проглатывании.
H330:Смертельно при вдыхании.
H373:Может поражать органы (Нервная система) в результате многократного или продолжительного воздействия при вдыхании.
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оператор предупредительных мер
P260:Не вдыхать газ/ пары/ пыль/ аэрозоли/ дым/ туман.
P264:После работы тщательно вымыть кожу.
P302+P352:ПРИ ПОПАДАНИИ НА КОЖУ: Промыть большим количеством воды.
P304+P340+P310:ПРИ ВДЫХАНИИ: Свежий воздух, покой. Немедленно обратиться за медицинской помощью.
P305+P351+P338:ПРИ ПОПАДАНИИ В ГЛАЗА: Осторожно промыть глаза водой в течение нескольких минут. Снять контактные линзы, если Вы ими пользуетесь и если это легко сделать. Продолжить промывание глаз.
P314:В случае плохого самочувствия обратиться к врачу.
ХЛОРАЛЬГИДРАТ химические свойства, назначение, производство
Описание
Chloral hydrate is one of the oldest sedatives used for dental sedation. It was first synthesized in 1832 by Justus von Liebig and was the first synthetic central nervous system (CNS) depressant. It was used to treat delirium tremens, insomnia, and anxiety, although it is considered an unapproved drug by the US Food and Drug Administration. Initially considered to be a safer alternative to opium, it was noted to produce rapid unconsciousness when combined with ethanol. Physical dependence can occur with chronic use.Chloral hydrate is classified as a sedative-hypnotic and is known to induce sleep in children. It has been very popular in pediatric dentistry since the mid-1950s. Chloral hydrate is rapidly absorbed following oral administration and is converted through its first pass in the liver to trichloroethanol,its active form. Trichloroethanol is conjugated in the liver and excreted in the urine. Like other agents that are metabolized in the liver, chloral hydrate may interact with other drugs, herbs, or foods resulting in clinically significant alterations of the agents (e.g.,warfarin).
Использование
Trichloroacetaldehyde Hydrate is a useful chemical reagent used as a sedative/hypnotic agent for the short-term treatment of insomnia. First developed in 1832, chloral hydrate is the oldest sleep medication still in use today. This medication is also used to calm you just before surgery or other procedures. It works by affecting certain parts of the brain to cause calmness.Studies have shown that when used in pediatric sedation side effects such as hallucination, excessive sleep and seizures were observed. Drowsiness and trouble waking up in the morning, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, diarrhea, and headache may occur. Stomach problems can be reduced by taking chloral hydrate with a full glass of water. It is sometimes administered to patients being treated with cyclophosphamide and it is known to inhibit some aldehyde dehydrogenases.
Besides, Chloral hydrate is a starting point for the synthesis of other organic compounds. It is the starting material for the production of chloral, which is produced by the distillation of a mixture of chloral hydrate and sulfuric acid, which serves as the desiccant.
Определение
ChEBI: Chloral hydrate is an organochlorine compound that is the hydrate of trichloroacetaldehyde. It has a role as a sedative, a general anaesthetic, a mouse metabolite and a xenobiotic. It is an organochlorine compound, an aldehyde hydrate and an ethanediol.Биологические функции
Chloral hydrate (Noctec, Somnos) was developed in the late 1800s and is still used as a sedative–hypnotic agent. It is a hydrated aldehyde with a disagreeable smell and taste that is rapidly reduced in vivo to trichloroethanol, which is considered to be the active metabolite. It produces a high incidence of gastric irritation and allergic responses, occasionally causes cardiac arrhythmias, and is unreliable in patients with liver damage.Общее описание
Chloral hydrate, trichloroacetaldehydemonohydrate, CCl3CH(OH)2 (Noctec), is analdehyde hydrate stable enough to be isolated. The relativestability of this gem-diol is largely a result of an unfavorabledipole–dipole repulsion between the trichloromethyl carbonand the carbonyl carbon present in the parent carbonylcompound.Chloral hydrate is unstable in alkaline solutions, undergoingthe last step of the haloform reaction to yield chloroformand formate ion. In hydroalcoholic solutions, it formsthe hemiacetal with ethanol. Whether or not this compoundis the basis for the notorious and potentially lethal effect of the combination of ethanol and chloral hydrate (the “MickeyFinn”) is controversial. Synergism between two differentCNS depressants also could be involved. Additionally,ethanol, by increasing the concentration of nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide (NADH), enhances the reduction ofchloral to the more active metabolite trichloroethanol, andchloral can inhibit the metabolism of alcohol because it inhibitsalcohol dehydrogenase. Chloral hydrate is a weak acidbecause its CCl3 group is very strong electron withdrawing.A 10% aqueous solution of chloral hydrate has pH 3.5 to4.4, which makes it irritating to mucous membranes in thestomach. As a result, GI upset commonly occurs for thedrug if undiluted or taken on an empty stomach. Chloral hydrateas a capsule, syrup, or suppository is currently available.
Реакции воздуха и воды
Water soluble.Профиль реактивности
Chloral hydrate is incompatible with alkalis, alkaline earth metals, alkali carbonates and soluble barbiturates. Chloral hydrate is decomposed by sodium hydroxide. Chloral hydrate reduces ammoniacal silver nitrate. Chloral hydrate liquefies when triturated with an equal quantity of menthol, camphor or thymol. . Reaction of Chloral hydrate with hydroxylamine produces toxic hydrogen cyanide gas, Org. Synth., 1941, Vol. 1, 377.Опасность
Overdose toxic, hypnotic drug, dangerous to eyes. Probable carcinogen.Пожароопасность
Flash point data for Chloral hydrate are not available; however, Chloral hydrate is probably combustible.Клиническое использование
Although it is suggested that chloral hydrate per semay act as a hypnotic,chloral hydrate is very quickly convertedto trichloroethanol, which is generally assumed toaccount for almost all of the hypnotic effect. Thetrichloroethanol is metabolized by oxidation to chloral andthen to the inactive metabolite, trichloracetic acid, which is also extensively metabolized to acylglucuronidesvia conjugation with glucuronic acid. It appears tohave potent barbiturate-like binding to GABAAreceptors.Although an old drug, it still finds use as a sedative in nonoperatingroom procedures for the pediatric patient.Профиль безопасности
A human poison by ingestion and possibly other routes. Poison experimentally by ingestion, intravenous, and rectal routes. Moderately toxic by subcutaneous, parenteral, and intraperitoneal routes, Experimental reproductive effects. Human systemic effects by ingestion: general anesthetic, cardiac arrhythmias, blood pressure depression, eye effects, coma, pulse rate increase, arrhythmias. Human mutation data reported. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data by skin contact. A sedative, anesthetic, and narcotic. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-.Возможный контакт
Chloral is used as an intermediate in the manufacture of such pesticides as DDT, methoxychlor, DDVP, naled, trichlorfon, and TCA. Chloral is also used in the production of chloral hydrate; used as a therapeutic agent with hypnotic, sedative, and narcotic effects; used in a time prior to the introduction of barbituratesКанцерогенность
Chloral hydrate has not been adequately tested for teratogenicity, reproductive effects, or chronic toxicity. Similarly, no histological evaluations have been conducted.Экологическая судьба
Chloral hydrate is a CNS depressant, but its mechanism of action is not well known. Coingestion with ethanol produces enhanced effects by several mechanisms. First, ethanol competes for alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenase, which then prolongs the half-life of ethanol. The metabolism of ethanol generates the reduced form of NADH, which is a cofactor for the metabolism of chloral hydrate to its active metabolite trichloroethanol. Finally, ethanol inhibits the conjugation of trichloroethanol to its inactive form urochloralic acid. This results in enhanced CNS depression.Перевозки
UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required.Несовместимости
Chloral hydrate reacts with strong bases forming chloroform. Contact with acids, or exposure to light may cause polymerization. Reacts with water, forming chloral hydrate. Reacts with oxidizers, with a risk of fire or explosions.Утилизация отходов
Incineration after mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be taken to assure complete combustion to prevent phosgene formation; an acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.ХЛОРАЛЬГИДРАТ запасные части и сырье
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