(1S,2S,6S,9R)-9-hydroxy-9-(hydroxymethyl)-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nona-4,7-diene-5-carboxylic acid

Monotropein is an iridoid glycoside originally isolated from M. officinalis roots and has diverse biological activities. It increases cell viability and migration of bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitor cells (BM-EPCs) when used at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1,000 μM. Monotropein inhibits apoptosis and reduces levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and MMP-13 in chondrocytes. It inhibits LPS-induced nuclear translocation of NF-κB and reduces COX-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), TNF-α, and IL-1β mRNA expression in RAW 264.7 cells. Monotropein (100 and 200 mg/kg) reduces colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, COX-2 and iNOS mRNA expression, and disease severity in a mouse model of ulcerative colitis induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS; ). It increases bone mineral content, bone mineral density, and improves bone microstructure in ovariectomized mice when administered at doses of 40 or 80 mg/kg. Monotropein (20 and 30 mg/kg) reduces acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. It also decreases macrophage infiltration and wound healing time and increases blood vessel formation in a rat model of wound healing.

ChEBI: An iridoid monoterpenoid that is 1,4a,7,7a-tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at position 1, a carboxylic acid group at position 4, and at position 7 by a hydroxy and ydroxymethyl groups respectively (the 1S,4aS,7R,7aS diastereomer).