Description
Imazalil (also known as Enilconazole) is a kind of topical mycotic agent that used for the treatment of fungi infections. It is primarily used for the treatment of fungi attracted to tubers of the crops, including Fusarium spp, Phoma spp, and Helminthosporum solani which reduces the crop quality. It can also be applied to citrus fruits. In addition, it can also be used for the treatment of Microsporum spp and Aspergillus spp infections occurring in the dogs, either as a single topic agent or being combined with oral administrated itraconazole or griseofulvin. The mechanism of action of Imazalil is through suppressing the biosynthesis pathway of ergosterol through blocking the demethylation process.
References
http://www.vetbook.org/wiki/dog/index.php?title=Enilconazole
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enilconazole
https://www.mysciencework.com/publication/show/f0382c741754e9200388abe8cf2f0133
Description
Imazalil is an imidazole fungicide that inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis. Imazalil inhibits the growth of various fungi
in vitro including
P. italicum,
A. niger,
U. maydis,
B. alii, and
C. cucumerinum in a pH-dependent manner (MICs = 0.005-2 μg/ml at pH 7). It inhibits
S. cerevisiae, but not rat liver microsomal, cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs; IC
50s = 0.088 and 80 μM, respectively), as well as aromatase CYP19 from human placental microsomes (IC
50 = 0.34 μM). Imazalil activates the murine pregnane X receptor (PXR) in a concentration-dependent manner in a cell-based reporter assay. It increases hepatic CYP3A11 and CYP2B10 mRNA levels in mice when administered at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Imazalil also increases Ki-67-positive nuclei in liver sections and hepatic MCM2 mRNA levels, markers of cell proliferation, in mice when co-administered with the murine constitutive androstane receptor (mCAR) agonist TCPOBOP . Formulations containing imazalil have been used to control fungal infection in agriculture.
Uses
As a disinfectant for stable and kennel equipment; experimentaly as an agricultural fungicide.
Uses
Imazalil is a systemic fungicide with protective and curative
action. It is used for the control of a wide range of fungal diseases on fruit,
vegetables and ornamentals, powdery mildew on roses and storage
diseases of citrus fruit, pome fruit, bananas and seed potatoes. It is also
used as a seed dressing, for control of diseases of cereals (particularly
Fusarium and Helminthosporium spp.), and it is particularly active against
benzimidazole-resistant strains of plant-pathogenic fungi.
Definition
ChEBI: 1-[2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole is a member of the class of imidazoles in which the hydrogen at position 1 is replaced by a 2-(allyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group. It is a member of imidazoles, an ether and a dichlorobenzene.
General Description
Slightly yellow to brown solidified oil. Non-corrosive. Used as a fungicide.
Air & Water Reactions
Water soluble.
Reactivity Profile
Imazalil is an imidazole derivative.
Safety Profile
Poison by ingestion and
intraperitoneal routes. Experimental
reproductive effects. A skin and eye irritant.
When heated to decomposition it emits
toxic fumes of Cland NOx.
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
Although no dosage forms are currently commercially available for topical use in the USA, Enilconazole is used topically for treating dermatophytosis
in small animals and horses using compounded products. A commercially available topical rinse Imaverol? (Janssen) 10% is
available with canine, bovine and equine use labeling in many countries. Intranasal instillation of enilconazole after plaque debridement
has also been shown useful in treating nasal aspergillosis in small animals.
Use of topical enilconazole on cats with dermatophytosis is somewhat controversial as there are apparently no products with feline
labeling available in Europe or Canada. There are preliminary reports of safely and successfully using enilconazole on dermatophytic cats
in combination with oral itraconazole.
A topical product and a poultry environmental disinfectant product (Clinafarm EC?) is available in the USA. It is technically illegal to
use this product other than it is labeled; it is an EPA licensed product in the USA.
Metabolic pathway
Published information is available on the metabolism of imazalil in plants
and soils. The principal metabolite in plants and soils is 1-[2-(2,4-
dichlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]-1H-imidazole.
Degradation
Imazalil is very stable to hydrolysis in dilute acids and alkalis at room
temperature, in the absence of light. It is also stable to light under normal
storage conditions.
