Description
D(+)-glucose ,a short form of dextrorotatory glucose, is a stereoisomer of glucose molecule, which is biologically active and whose bottom chiral carbon has its hydroxyl group (OH) located spatially to the right. Its molecule can exist in an open-chain (acyclic) and ring (cyclic) form and has two isomers α- and β-. It is the main source of energy in the form of ATP for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. In animals, it arises from the breakdown of glycogen in a process known as glycogenolysis. D-(+)-Glucose has been used as a standard for the estimation of total sugar in hydrolyzed starch by phenol-sulfuric acid method. It has also been used in the preparation of the liquid media for culturing some yeast cells. In addition, it is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement, such as glucose syrup and glucose powder. It can be obtained by enzymatic cleavage of starch, so there are multiple sources like sugar cane, sugar beet, corn (corn syrup), potatoes and wheat. Today, large-scale starch hydrolysis is used to produce glucose.
References
1. http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/g8270?lang=en®ion=CA
2. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/D-glucose#section=Top
3. http://www.hmdb.ca/metabolites/HMDB00122
4. http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/D-glucose
5. http://www3.hhu.de/biodidaktik/zucker/sugar/glukose.html
Description
D(+)-Glucose is one of the most important biological compounds found in nature. It is a main product in photosynthesis and is oxidized in cellular respiration. D(+)-Glucose polymerizes to form several important classes of biomolecules including cellulose, starch, and glycogen. It also combines with other compounds to produce common sugars such as sucrose and lactose. The form of D(+)-Glucose displayed above is D-D(+)-Glucose. The “D” designation indicates the configuration of the molecule. The “D” configuration specifies that the hydroxyl group on the number 5 carbon is on the right side of the molecule. The mirror image of D-D(+)-Glucose produces another form of D(+)-Glucose called L-D(+)-Glucose.D(+)-Glucose is the most common form of a large class of molecules called carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are the predominant type of organic compounds found in organisms and include sugar, starches, and fats. Carbohydrates, as the name implies, derive their name from D(+)-Glucose,C6H12O6, which was considered a hydrate of carbon with the general formula of Cn(H2O)n, where n is a positive integer. Although the idea of water bonded to carbon to form a hydrate of carbon was wrong, the term carbohydrate persisted. Carbohydrates consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms, with the carbon atoms generally forming long unbranched chains. Carbohydrates are also known as saccharides derived from the Latin word for sugar, saccharon.
Description
D-(+)-Glucose is a monosaccharide that occurs in nature and is used by organisms as an energy source. D-(+)-Glucose is the more common enantiomer of L-(–)-glucose (Item No.
20829). Anhydrous Dextrose is the anhydrous form of D-glucose, a natural monosaccharide and carbohydrate. Dextrose serves to replenish lost nutrients and electrolytes. The agent provides metabolic energy and is the primary ingredient in oral rehydration salts (ORS) and is used in intravenous (IV) fluids to provide nutrients to patients under intensive care who are unable to receive them by the oral route. Solutions containing dextrose restore blood glucose levels and provide calories and may aid in minimizing liver glycogen depletion and exerts a protein-sparing action. Dextrose anhydrous also plays a role in the production of proteins and in lipid metabolism. Watery odorless colorless liquid. Denser than water and soluble in water. Hence sinks in and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999) Aldehydo-D-glucose is the open chain form of D-glucose. It is a D-glucose and an aldehydo-glucose. It is an enantiomer of an aldehydo-L-glucose.
Chemical Properties
White or almost white, crystalline powder.
Originator
Dextrose,Wockhardt Ltd.,India
History
D(+)-Glucose is the most important and predominant monosaccharide found in nature. It was isolated from raisins by Andreas Sigismund Marggraf (1709–1782) in 1747, and in 1838, Jean-Baptiste-André Dumas (1800–1884) adopted the name glucose from the Greek word glycos meaning sweet. Emil Fischer (1852–1919) determined the structure of glucose in the late 19th century. Glucose also goes by the names dextrose (from its ability to rotate polarized light to the right), grape sugar, and blood sugar. The term blood sugar indicates that glucose is the primary sugar dissolved in blood. Glucose’s abundant hydroxyl groups enable extensive hydrogen bonding, and so glucose is highly soluble in water.
Uses
D(+)-Glucose anhydrous for biochemistry Reag. Ph Eur. CAS 50-99-7, molar mass 180.16?g/mol.
Uses
Glucose is a corn sweetener that is commercially made from starch by the action of heat and acids or enzymes, resulting in the complete hydrolysis of the cornstarch. There are two types of refined commercially available: hydrate, which contains 9% by weight water of crystallization and is the most often used, and anhydrous glucose, which contains less than 0.5% water. is a reducing sugar and produces a high-temperature browning effect in baked goods. It is used in ice cream, bakery products, and confections. It is also termed corn sugar.
Uses
Labelled D-Glucose is a simple sugar that is present in plants. A monosaccharide that may exist in open chain or cyclic conformation if in solution. It plays a vital role in photosynthesis and fuels
the energy required for cellular respiration. D-Glucose is used in various metabolic processes including enzymic synthesis of cyclohexyl-α and β-D-glucosides. Can also be used as a diagnostic tool in
detection of type 2 diabetes mellitus and potentially Huntington's disease through analysis of blood-glucose in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
Uses
A primary source of energy for living organisms
Uses
glucose has moisture-binding properties and provides the skin with a soothing effect. It is a sugar that is generally obtained by the hydrolysis of starch.
Uses
Dextrose(D-glucose), a simple sugar (monosaccharide), is an important carbohydrate in biology
Uses
Glucose is the primary fuel for biological respiration. During digestion, complex sugarsand starches are broken down into glucose (as well as fructose and galactose) in the small intestine.Glucose then moves into the bloodstream and is transported to the liver where glucoseis metabolized through a series of biochemical reactions, collectively referred to as glycolysis.Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose, occurs in most organisms. In glycolysis, the final productis pyruvate. The fate of pyruvate depends on the type of organism and cellular conditions.In animals, pyruvate is oxidized under aerobic conditions producing carbon dioxide. Underanaerobic conditions in animals, lactate is produced. This occurs in the muscle of humansand other animals. During strenuous conditions the accumulation of lactate causes musclefatigue and soreness. Certain microorganisms, such as yeast, under anaerobic conditions convertpyruvate to carbonic dioxide and ethanol. This is the basis of the production of alcohol.Glycolysis also results in the production of various intermediates used in the synthesis of otherbiomolecules. Depending on the organism, glycolysis takes various forms, with numerousproducts and intermediates possible.
Definition
Naturally
occurring GLUCOSE belongs to the
stereochemical series D and is dextrorotatory,
indicated by the symbol (+). Thus the
term dextrose is used to indicate D-(+)-glucose.
As other stereochemical forms of glucose
have no significance in biological
systems the term ‘glucose’ is often used interchangeably
with dextrose in biology.
Definition
ChEBI: The open chain form of D-glucose.
Manufacturing Process
D-Glucose is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants
in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement.
Dehydration of Dextrose Monohydrate.
1. Dehydration with Fluid-bed Dryer
Dextrose monohydrate was brought in a horizontal-placed turbo-dryer (VOMM,
Mailand, Italy). The dehydration occurred at a temperature of between 90° to
150°C in a stream of air of 5 Normalised m3/kg (i.e volume of gas at 0°C and
1 mbar) dextrose and a rotation speed of 1200 min-1.
Dehydration of Glucose Syrup (Dextrose Content 96%).
A glucose syrup (C*SWEET D 02763 Cerestar) (dry substance ca. 70%) was
sprayed at a flow rate of 7 kg/h at 70°C into a Niro FSD pilot plant spray
dryer. For powdering ca. 9 kg coarsely milled dried product at a ratio
liquid/solid of 1:2 was added. The atomising conditions were as follows:
The drying chamber was operated at:
The fluid bed was adjusted to:
brand name
Cartose (Sterling Winthrop)
Dextrose.
Therapeutic Function
Sugar supplement
Biotechnological Production
The D-configuration of D-isoascorbic acid at C5 allows a short biosynthetic
pathway from D-glucose, i.e., its 1,5-glucopyranoside, which is oxidized
to D-glucono-1,5-lactone by glucose oxidase followed by oxidation at C2 by
D-gluconolactone oxidase. The immediate oxidation product of
D-glucono-1,5-lactone by gluconolactone oxidase already has reducing activity on,
e.g., 2,6-dichlorphenolindophenol. It is rather stable at pH 4. Upon pH shift, this
compound spontaneously converts to D-isoascorbic acid. The unidentified
immediate oxidation product could be 2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone, which rearranges
via a reversible transesterification reaction to the 1,4-lactone followed by an
irreversible enolization to D-isoascorbic acid. The formation of 2-keto-D-gluconic
acid as the result of 2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone hydrolysis was not reported. The
oxidation of the 1,4-lactone by D-gluconolactone oxidase might also occur to some
extent, since D-glucono-1,5-lactone shows a tendency to slowly rearrange to the
1,4-lactone at pH[4and the D-gluconolactone oxidase of Penicillium
cyaneofulvum accepts both D-glucono-1,5-lactone and the corresponding 1,4-lactone
. This reaction would directly deliver the keto-isomer of D-isoascorbic acid.
The sequence of the reactions from D-glucose to D-isoascorbic acid, first oxidation
at C1, then oxidation at C2 (C1, C2), is similar to the naturally evolved Asc
biosynthesis from L-galactose or L-gulose.
Oxidation of D-gluconolactone at C2 is also afforded by pyranose-2-oxidase
from Polyporus obtusus. In this reaction both D-isoascorbic acid and 2-keto-
D-gluconic acid were obtained in a roughly 1:1 ratio. Obviously, following the
natural C1, C2 oxidation sequence, transesterification and (iso)ascorbic acid formation
are preferred over hydrolysis and 2-keto sugar acid formation or are at least
possible to a significant extent.
If the sequence of oxidation reactions is reversed (C2, C1), i.e., D-glucopyranose
is first oxidized by pyranose-2-oxidase to D-glucosone followed by glucose oxidase
treatment, 2-keto-D-gluconate was reported as the only oxidation product.
Though not explicitly reported, it is safe to assume that the later oxidation occurs
with 2-keto-D-gluco-1,5-pyranose and delivers as the immediate reaction product
2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone, which hydrolyzes affording 2-keto-D-gluconate. It is
unclear why the spontaneous follow-up reaction of 2-keto-D-glucono-1,5-lactone
delivers, at least to some extent, D-isoascorbic acid if obtained according to the C1,
C2 reaction sequence, but only 2-keto-D-gluconate if obtained by the C2, C1
oxidation sequence.
General Description
Watery odorless colorless liquid. Denser than water and soluble in water. Hence sinks in and mixes with water.
Air & Water Reactions
Water soluble.
Reactivity Profile
A weak reducing agent.
Health Hazard
No toxicity
Biochem/physiol Actions
Glycogen phosphorylase, muscle associated (PYGM), is an important contributor to glycogenolysis. Down regulation of PYGM gene is observed in schizophrenia. Mutation in PYGM leads to McArdle disease, a glycogen storage disorder. The PYGM gene is significantly associated with energy production.
Safety Profile
Mildly toxic by ingest ion. An experimental teratogen. Experi mental reproductive effects. Questionable
carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic
data. Mutation data reported. Potentially
explosive reaction with potassium nitrate +
sodium peroxide when heated in a sealed
container. Uxtures with alkali release
carbon monoxide when heated. When
heated to decomposition it emits acrid
smoke and irritating fumes.
Purification Methods
Crystallise -D-glucose from hot glacial acetic acid or pyridine. Traces of solvent are removed by drying in a vacuum oven at 75o for >3hours. [Gottfried Adv Carbohydr Chem 5 127 1950, Kjaer & Lindberg Acta Chem Scand 1 3 1713 1959, Whistler & Miller Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry I 1301962, Academic Press, Beilstein 1 IV 4306.] [For equilibrium forms see Angyal Adv Carbohydr Chem 42 15 1984, Angyal & Pickles Aust J Chem 25 1711 1972.]
