Betain

Betaine Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden

• R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:

  R20/21/22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen,Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.
  R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.

• S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:

  S24/25:Berührung mit den Augen und der Haut vermeiden.
  S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.
  S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.

• Beschreibung

  Betaine is a natural compound extracted from Beta vulgaris, widely present in both leaves and roots. Within plants, betaine is synthesised through a two-step oxidation of choline within chloroplasts. The first step converts choline into betaine aldehyde, a rate-limiting step catalysed by choline monooxygenase. The second step converts betaine aldehyde to betaine, catalysed by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase ^[1]. It possesses certain pharmacological activities and may be employed to treat deficiencies or defects in specific enzymes leading to hyperhomocysteinemia in blood and urine. This medication facilitates the removal of excess homocysteine from the body.
  
  [1] TAKABE T, TANAKA Y, TAKABE T. CHAPTER 2:Betaine in Sugar Beet[C]. 2015: 0. DOI:10.1039/9781782628446-00009.
  

• Chemische Eigenschaften

  White crystalline powder; bland aroma.

• Verwenden

  betaine is a surfactant, humectant, and excellent skin conditioner. It is also used to build product viscosity and as a foam booster. It is found mostly in skin cleansers, shampoos, and bath products.

• Verwenden

  Betaine is an active ingredient in toothpaste to control the symptoms of dryness of the mouth. It is used to treat homocystinuria, which is a defect in the major pathway of methionine biosynthesis. It is also used for boosting the immune system and for improving athletic performance. It is helpful to prevent noncancerous tumors in the colon (colorectal adenomas).

• Definition

  ChEBI: The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.

• Allgemeine Beschreibung

  Betaine also called trimethylglycine or N,N,N triethylammonium acetate, is an analog of glycine with three methyl groups. It is highly compatible with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) buffer mixture. Betaine is a PCR enhancing reagent that is widely used for improving the yield and specificity of PCR products, especially during the PCR amplification of targets rich in GC content or those that form secondary structures resulting in poor yield. Betaine facilitates DNA strand separation and manages the DNA melting temperature (Tm) difference between the GC and AT pairs in DNA. It stabilizes the ds DNA by equalizing the contribution of GC- and AT-base pairs. Betaine has been broadly used to optimize multiplex and ‘long and accurate′ polymerase chain reaction (LA-PCR). The addition of 1.0-1.7 M aqueous betaine to a PCR mixture has been reported to reduce the base pair composition dependence on DNA strand melting.

• Biochem/physiol Actions

  End-product of oxidative metabolism of choline, betaine is a general methyl donor, in particular in a minor pathway of methionine biosynthesis. It is used to treat homocystinuria, which is a defect in the major pathway of methionine biosynthesis.

• läuterung methode

  Crystallise betaine from aqueous EtOH or EtOH/Et2O. The monohydrate loses H2O above 100o. Betaine undergoes internal alkylation to methyl dimethylaminoacetate Purification of Biochemicals — Amino Acids and Peptides above its melting point. It is also prepared by treating the hydrochloride (below) with silver oxide and recrystallising from EtOH/Et2O. [Edsall J Am Chem Soc 66 1767 1943, Leifer & Lippincott J Am Chem Soc 79 5098 1957, for pK see Grob et al. Chem and Ind (London) 1222 1955, Beilstein 4 III 1127, 4 IV 2369.]

• Einzelnachweise

  [1] Patent: CN104557579, 2017, B. Location in patent: Paragraph 0013; 0024; 0025; 0026; 0027; 0028; 0029-0053
  [2] Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2005, vol. 127, # 50, p. 17954 - 17961
  [3] Chemical Communications, 2013, vol. 49, # 63, p. 7076 - 7078
  [4] Analytical Chemistry, 2013, vol. 85, # 23, p. 11464 - 11470

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