Бифенил

Описание

Biphenyl, also called diphenyl, consists of two benzene rings joined by a single bond. It exists as colorless to yellowish crystals, has a distinctive odor, and occurs naturally in oil, natural gas, and coal tar.

Химические свойства

1,1'-Biphenyl is a clear colorless liquid with a pleasant odor and stable organic compound. It is combustible at high temperatures, producing carbon dioxide and water when combustion is complete. Partial combustion produces carbon monoxide, smoke, soot, and low molecular weight hydrocarbons. It is used extensively in the production of heat-transfer fl uids, for example, as an intermediate for polychlorinated biphenyls, and dye carriers for textile dyeing. It is also used as a mold retardant in citrus fruit wrappers, in the formation of plastics, optical brighteners, and hydraulic fluids.

Физические свойства

White scales with a pleasant but peculiar odor. Odor threshold concentration is 0.83 ppb (quoted, Amoore and Hautala, 1983).

Вхождение

Reported found in coal tar, bilberry, carrots, peas, potato, bell pepper, rum, cocoa, tomato, coffee, roasted peanuts, olive (Olea europae), buckwheat and tamarind (Tamarindus indica L).

Использование

Biphenyl is used as an antifungal agent to preserve citrus fruit, in citrus wrappers to retard mold growth, in heat transfer fluids, in dye carriers for textiles and copying paper, as a solvent in pharmaceutical production, in optical brighteners, and as an intermediate for the production of a wide range of organic compounds.

Подготовка

By thermal dehydrogenation of benzene.

Определение

ChEBI: A benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of two benzene rings connected by a single covalent bond. Biphenyl occurs naturally in coal tar, crude oil, and natural gas. Formerly used as a fungicide for citrus crops.

Общее описание

A clear colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. Flash point 180°F. Insoluble in water. Vapors are heavier than air. Used to manufacture other chemicals and as a fungicide.

Реакции воздуха и воды

Insoluble in water.

Профиль реактивности

Biphenyl is incompatible with oxidizers.

Угроза здоровью

Exposures to 1,1’-biphenyl cause acute effects with symptoms that include, but are not limited to, polyuria, accelerated breathing, lacrimation, anorexia, weight loss, muscular weakness, coma, fatty liver cell degeneration, and severe nephrotic lesions. Exposure to biphenyl fumes for short periods of time causes nausea, vomiting, irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract, and bronchitis. Breathing small amounts of 1,1’-biphenyl over long periods of time causes damage to the liver and the nervous system of exposed workers. Breathing the mists, vapors, or fumes may irritate the nose, throat, and lungs. Depending on the concentration and duration of exposure, the symptoms include, but are not limited to, sore throat, coughing, labored breathing, sneezing, a burning sensation, and the effects of CNS depression. Symptoms may include headache, excitation, euphoria, dizziness, incoordination, drowsiness, light-headedness, blurred vision, fatigue, tremors, convulsions, loss of consciousness, coma, respiratory arrest, and death, depending on the concentration and duration of exposure

Пожароопасность

Combustible. Emits toxic fumes under fire conditions.

Профиль безопасности

Poison by intravenous route.Moderately toxic by ingestion. A powerful irritant byinhalation in humans. Human systemic effects byinhalation of very small amounts: flaccid paralysis, nauseaor vomiting, and other unspecified gastrointestinal effects.Que

Возможный контакт

Biphenyl is a fungicide (pesticide). It is also used as a heat transfer agent, dye carrier, and as an intermediate in organic synthesis.

Метаболический путь

Biphenyl is a stable compound. It has a restricted use as a fungistat applied to citrus packing material. This has generated studies on its toxicity and metabolism in mammals and residue studies in stored fruit. Only limited information on its environmental fate has been published.

хранилище

1,1’-Biphenyl should be kept stored in tightly closed containers in a cool, dry, isolated, and properly ventilated area, away from heat, sources of ignition, incompatibles, and contact with strong oxidizers.

Перевозки

UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1—Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required.

Методы очистки

Crystallise biphenyl from EtOH, MeOH, aqueous MeOH, pet ether (b 40-60o) or glacial acetic acid. Free it from polar impurities by passage through an alumina column in *benzene, followed by evaporation. The residue has been purified by distillation in a vacuum and by zone refining. Treatment with maleic anhydride removes anthracene-like impurities. It has been recrystallised from EtOH followed by repeated vacuum sublimation and passage through a zone refiner. [Taliani & Bree J Phys Chem 88 2351 1984, Beilstein 5 H 576, 5 I 271, 5 II 479, 5 III 1726, 5 IV 1807.]

Несовместимости

Mist may form explosive mixture with air. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.

Утилизация отходов

Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed.

Меры предосторожности

Occupational workers should be careful during use and chemical management because the fi nely dispersed particles of 1,1’-biphenyl form explosive mixtures in air