PVDF-HFP

A primary advantage of fluororubber is its exceptional heat, chemical, and solvent resistance. The copolymer is biologically inert. The decomposition products of FPM depend on the chemical composition of the intact polymer and also on the conditions under which it is decomposed. The temperature to which the polymer is subjected, the atmosphere in which decomposition occurs, and the material of the vessel used can alter the kinds and quantities of the decomposition products. When a copolymer of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) decomposed at 550 and 800°C, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were produced. Hydrogen fluorides and other fluorocarbons have been reported as decomposition products.

Details of the processes used to produce vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoro-propylene copolymers (PVDF-HFP)have not been disclosed but the copolymers may be prepared by emulsion polymerization under pressure using a persulphate-bisulphite initiator system. Highly fluorinated surfactants, such as ammonium perfluorooctoate, are most commonly used in order to avoid chain transfer reactions. The preferred vinylidene fluoride content for commercial copolymers is about 70% mole. The structure of such a copolymer might be represented as follows:
NMR studies confirm that head-to-tail arrangements predominate in the copolymers. It may be noted that under the conditions normally used to prepare commercial copolymers, hexafluoropropylene does not homopolymerize and so the molar proportion of this monomer in a copolymer cannot exceed 50% whatever the composition of the monomer feed.
Commercial copolymers typically have an average molecular weight (Mn) of about 70000.
Since the copolymers are saturated, they cannot be vulcanized by conventional sulphur systems. However, they may be vulcanized by aliphatic amines and derivatives, aromatic dihydroxylic compounds and peroxides; all of these methods are practised commercially. Free diamines react too quickly, causing premature vulcanization or scorching during mixing. One method of reducing the tendency to scorch is to use diamines in the form of their inner carbamates; hexamethylenediamine carbamate (VIII) and ethylenediamine carbamate (IX) are employed commercially. Alternatively, the Schiff's bases of diamines function as delayed-action vulcanizing agents; examples of compounds of this type are N, N'-dicinnamylidene-l,6-hexanediamine (X) and N, N'-disalicylpropylenediamine (XI).

Wire and cable coatings, flexible and corrosion-resistant tubing, and liners for pipes and tanks.

Vinylidene fluoride-based elastomers have generally been prepared by free-radical emulsion polymerization of the monomers with organic or inorganic peroxide initiators. Low-molecular-weight fluid or semifluid polymers have been made with various chain transfer agents, special initiators, or dehydrofluorination oxidation methods.

The usual commercial practice is to mix the rubber on a mill with the diamine derivative, together with filler (such as carbon black or silica) and a metal oxide. The compounded stock is then given a short press cure (typically, 0.5 hours at 150C) and a long oven cure (typically, 24 hours at 200C).
The reactions which occur in the vulcanization of vinylidene fluoridehexafluoropropylene copolymers have been extensively studied and a three-stage process is thought to be involved. The first step is postulated as the elimination of hydrogen fluoride from the polymer upon treatment with a base. Probably the tertiary fluorine atom of the hexafluoropropylene unit is the most readily removed. The initially formed double bonds then activate the elimination of hydrogen fluoride from neighbouring groups to give a conjugated system:

Elimination is thought to be catalysed by basic materials, such as magnesium oxide, which are commonly included in commercial formulations.
Elimination takes place rapidly and probably occurs during milling when a diamine curing system is used. Evidence for the presence of unsaturation in amine-treated vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer comes from the infrared spectrum of the material.
The second step in the vulcanization process is regarded as involving addition of the curing agent at the sites of unsaturation. With a diamine

This reaction occurs during the press cure operation.
The third step in the vulcanization process is considered to involve the elimination of hydrogen fluoride to form a diimine:

If this is the case, it would be necessary to remove all the water present in order to force the equilibrium completely toward diimine formation and the establishment of permanent cross-links. Experimental evidence for this proposition is that a full state of cure is not attained if the long heating process is carried out in the mould, i.e. in a virtually closed system. Hydrolysis is also demonstrated by the fact that much of the diamine present in a vulcanizate can be extracted by treatment with water. It may be noted here that vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymers which are peroxidecurable do not lead to water formation and so give vulcanizates with reduced porosity.
Vulcanized vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymers show excellent resistance to oils and fuels, both at room temperature and at elevated temperature. Vulcanizates also have good resistance to most solvents, although polar solvents such as esters and ketones cause high swelling. Vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer vulcanizates have excellent thermal stability, withstanding long periods at 250C without serious deterioration. Low temperature performance is limited and the elastomers are not generally suitable for sub-zero use. Applications of the elastomers include seals and hose in contact with fuels and lubricants, pump components and tank linings.
A terpolymer of vinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene is also available and gives vulcanizates with improved resistance to heat ageing.

The screening level for PVDF is 0.1 μg/m3 based on annual averaging.