염화암페니콜

그림문자(GHS)

• 그림문자(GHS)

  

• 신호 어

  Danger

• 유해·위험 문구

  H318：눈에 심한 손상을 일으킴

  H351：암을 일으킬 것으로 의심됨 (노출되어도 암을 일으키지 않는다는 결정적인 증거가 있는 노출경로가 있다면 노출경로 기재)

• 예방조치문구

  P202：모든 안전 조치 문구를 읽고 이해하기 전에는 취급하지 마시오.

  P280：보호장갑/보호의/보안경/안면보호구를 착용하시오.

  P305+P351+P338：눈에 묻으면 몇 분간 물로 조심해서 씻으시오. 가능하면 콘택트렌즈를 제거하시오. 계속 씻으시오.

  P308+P313：노출 또는 접촉이 우려되면 의학적인 조치· 조언를 구하시오.

  P405：밀봉하여 저장하시오.

  P501：...에 내용물 / 용기를 폐기 하시오.

염화암페니콜 MSDS

• Chloromycetin

염화암페니콜 화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

• 개요

  Chloramphenicol was originally produced by fermentation of Streptomyces venezuelae, but its comparatively simple chemical structure soon resulted in several efficient total chemical syntheses. With two asymmetric centers, it is one of four diastereomers, only one of which (1R,2R) is significantly active. Because total synthesis produces a mixture of all four, the unwanted isomers must be removed before use. Chloramphenicol is a neutral substance that is only moderately soluble in water, because both nitrogen atoms are nonbasic under physiologic conditions (one is an amide and the other a nitro moiety). It was the first broad-spectrum oral antibiotic used in the United States and was once very popular. Severe potential blood dyscrasia has greatly decreased its use in North America. Although its cheapness and efficiency makes it still very popular in much of the rest of the world where it can often be purchased over-the-counter without a prescription

• 화학적 성질

  Chloramphenicol is a white to grayish-white or yellowish-white crystalline solid.

• 용도

  Chloramphenicol is unusual nitroaromatic metabolite produced by Streptomyces venezuelae, first published in 1947. Chloramphenicol is a broad spectrum antibiotic with good activity against Gram negative and anaerobic bacteria. Although restricted to ocular use, antibiotic resistance to other classes has refocused attention on this class. Chloramphenicol acts by binding to the 23S sub-unit of the 50S ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis. Chloramphenicol has been extensively studied with over 35,000 literature citations.

• Indications

  Resistance to chloramphenicol is usually explained by the presence of a plasmid that determines the production of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. This enzyme acetylates the drug, giving it unable to bind with 50 S subunits of bacterial ribosomes.
  Chloramphenicol is a potentially toxic drug and has a few indications for use. It is the drug of choice for treating typhoid fever, and it is used for treating brain abscesses. Until recently, it was the drug of choice for therapy of bacterial meningitis in children (in combination with ampicillin). However, third-generation cephalosporins are currently preferred for such purposes. Chloramphenicol is an effective alternative for a number of infections in situations, where drugs of choice cannot be used for one reason or another. However, it should never be used for infections that can readily be treated with other antimicrobial drugs. Synonyms of this drug are levomycetin, amindan, aquamycetin, chloromycetin, ophthoclor, opulets, leukomycin, and many others.

• 정의

  ChEBI: Chloramphenicol is an organochlorine compound that is dichloro-substituted acetamide containing a nitrobenzene ring, an amide bond and two alcohol functions. It has a role as an antimicrobial agent, an antibacterial drug, a protein synthesis inhibitor, an Escherichia coli metabolite, a Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite and a geroprotector. It is an organochlorine compound, a diol, a C-nitro compound and a carboxamide.

• World Health Organization (WHO)

  Chloramphenicol, an antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces venezuelae in 1947, first became available for general clinical use in 1948. By 1950 it was evident that its use could cause serious, sometimes fatal, blood dyscrasias. However, it remains one of the most effective antibiotics for treating invasive typhoid fever and salmonellosis, some rickettsioses and serious infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae or anaerobic organisms. This is considered to justify its retention in the WHO Model List of Essential Drugs. (Reference: (WHTAC1) The Use of Essential Drugs, 2nd Report of the WHO Expert Committee, 722, , 1985)

• 일반 설명

  Synthetic bacteriostatic antibiotic that inhibits the translation of RNA by blocking the peptidyltransferase reaction on ribosomes.

• 위험도

  Has deleterious and dangerous side effects. Must conform to FDA labeling requirements. Use is closely restricted. Probable carcinogen.

• 색상 색인 번호

  This broad spectrum phenicol group antibiotic has been implicated in allergic contact dermatitis. Cross-sensitivity to thiamphenicol is possible, but not systematic.

• Mechanism of action

  Chloramphenicol is bacteriostatic by virtue of inhibition of protein biosynthesis in both bacterial and, to a lesser extent, host ribosomes. Chloramphenicol binds to the 50S subparticle in a region near where the macrolides and lincosamides bind.
  Resistance is mediated by several R-factor enzymes that catalyze acetylation of the secondary and, to some extent, the primary hydroxyl groups in the aliphatic side chain. These products no longer bind to the ribosomes and so are inactivated. Escherichi a coli frequently is resistant because of chloramphenicol's lack of intercellular accumulation.

• Safety Profile

  Confirmed human carcinogen producing leukemia, aplastic anemia, and other bone marrow changes. Experimental tumorigenic data. Poison by intravenous and subcutaneous routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Human systemic effects by an unknown route: changes in plasma or blood volume, unspecified liver effects, and hemorrhaging. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. An antibiotic. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx and Cl-. See also other chloramphenicol entries.

• 잠재적 노출

  An antibiotic derived from streptomyces venezuelae. A potential danger to those involved in the manufacture, formulation, and application of this antibiotic and antifungal agent

• Carcinogenicity

  Chloramphenicol is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen, based on limited evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans.

• 환경귀착

  As an antibiotic, chloramphenicol enters the target cells by facilitated diffusion and binds reversibly to the 50S ribosomalsubunit. This prevents the interaction between peptidyl transferase and its amino acid substrate, which results in the inhibition of peptide bond formation. Indeed, it is an inhibitor of protein synthesis in the bacteria and to a lesser extent, in eukaryotic cells. Chloramphenicol can also inhibit mitochondrial protein synthesis in mammalian cells particularly erythropoietic cells, which are sensitive to the drug.

• 신진 대사 경로

  Six metabolites of chloramphenicol are identified, among which the sulfate conjugate is characterized in goat urine.

• 신진 대사

  When given orally, it is rapidly and completely absorbed but has a fairly short half-life. It is mainly excreted in the urine in the form of its metabolites, which are a C-3 glucuronide, and, to a lesser extent, its deamidation product and the product of dehalogenation and reduction. These metabolites are all inactive. The aromatic nitro group also is reduced metabolically, and this product can undergo amide hydrolysis. The reduction of the nitro group, however, does not take place efficiently in humans but, rather, primarily occurs in the gut by the action of the normal flora. Chloramphenicol potentiates the activity of some other drugs by inducing liver metabolism. Such agents include anticoagulant coumarins, sulfonamides, oral hypoglycemics, and phenytoin.

• 운송 방법

  UN3249 Medicine, solid, toxic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials. UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1- Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required.

• Purification Methods

  Purify chloramphenicol by recrystallisation from H2O (solubility is 2.5mg/mL at 25o) or ethylene dichloride as needles or long plates, and by sublimation at high vacuum. It has A 1cm 298 at max 278nm, and it is slightly soluble in H2O (0.25%) and propylene glycol (1.50%) at 25o but is freely soluble in MeOH, EtOH, BuOH, EtOAc and Me2CO. [Relstock et al. J Am Chem Soc 71 2458 1949, Confroulis et al. J Am Chem Soc 71 2463 1949, Long & Troutman J Am Chem Soc 71 2469, 2473 1949, Ehrhart et al. Chem Ber 90 2088 1957, Beilstein 13 IV 2742.]

• 비 호환성

  Compounds of the carboxyl group react with all bases, both inorganic and organic (i.e., amines), releasing substantial heat, water, and a salt that may be harmful. Incompatible with arsenic compounds (releases hydrogen cyanide gas), diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, sulfides (releasing heat, toxic, and possibly flammable gases), thiosulfates, and dithionites (releasing hydrogen sulfate and oxides of sulfur).

• 폐기물 처리

  It is inappropriate and possibly dangerous to the environment to dispose of expired or waste pharmaceuticals by flushing them down the toilet or discarding them to the trash. Household quantities of expired or waste pharmaceuticals may be mixed with wet cat litter or coffee grounds, double-bagged in plastic, discard in trash. Larger quantities shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. If possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged, and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.

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