수소

한글명:수소

카스 번호1333-74-0

상품명:Hydrogen

CBNumberCB7686195

분자식H2

포뮬러 무게2.02

MOL 파일1333-74-0.mol

동의어(한글)

수소

화학적 성질

녹는점	−259.2 °C(lit.)
끓는 점	−252.8 °C(lit.)
밀도	0.0899
증기 밀도	0.07 (21 °C, vs air)
증기압	Critical temperature is - 239.9 °C; noncondensible above this temperature
인화점	<-150°C
용해도	slightly soluble in H2O
산도 계수 (pKa)	35(at 25℃)
물리적 상태	무색 가스
색상	colorless gas; flammable
냄새	무취가스
폭발한계	74.2%
수용성	0.00017g/100mL
Merck	13,4813
Dielectric constant	1.0（100℃）
안정성	안정적인. 가연성이 높습니다. 공기와 쉽게 폭발성 혼합물을 형성합니다. 공개 실험실에서 질소/수소 혼합물을 사용하기 위한 구성 상한(영국)은 5.7% 수소입니다.
CAS 데이터베이스	1333-74-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST	Hydrogen(1333-74-0)
EPA	Hydrogen (1333-74-0)

위험 및 안전 성명

위험품 표기

F+

위험 카페고리 넘버

안전지침서

9-16-33

유엔번호(UN No.)

UN 1950 2.1

WGK 독일

RTECS 번호

MW8900000

F 고인화성물질

4.5-31

자연 발화 온도

500 to 590 °C

DOT ClassificationII

2.1 (Flammable gas)

위험 등급

2.1

유해 물질 데이터

1333-74-0(Hazardous Substances Data)

독성

TLV-TWA (ACGIH) None established; simple asphyxiant

NFPA 704:

	4
3		0

그림문자(GHS)

수소 MSDS

수소 화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

존재
수소가 발견될 당시, 연소란 플로지스톤이라는 물질이 방출되는 것이라고 생각되었다. 수소의 발견자 헨리 캐번디시는 이 설에 의심을 품고, 산으로 철을 녹였을 때 발생하는 '불타는 기체(수소)'에 주목했다. 하지만 프랑스의 화학자 라부아지에가 플로지스톤설을 부정할 때까지 수소는 원소로서 인정받지 못했다. 그 후, 캐번디시가 그 물질과 산소의 연소로 물이 생긴다는 것을 증명했다. 그리고 라부아지에가 '수소'라고 명명한 뒤, 수소는 원소 중 하나로 인정받았다.
개요
자연계에 다량 존재하며 화합물 형태로 존재한다. 행성이 형성되는 과정에서 수소가 물을 형성했기 때문으로, 만일 물로 화합되지 않았더라면 수소는 지구 중력을 이기고 우주 공간으로 탈출했을 것이다.
용도
전기공업, 유리공업에 사용된다.
로켓, 잠수함 추진제에 사용된다.
제철소, 철 구조물, 알루미늄 용접에 사용된다.
태양열에 사용된다.
수소연료자동차로도 사용된다.
광섬유, 조명공업에 사용된다.
순도시험

(1) 산 소 : 검출기 스케일 범위가 0∼100μL/L인 전기화학식 산소분석기(Galvanic cell)를 사용한다. 산소분석기를 조작하여 수소가스를 통과했을 때, 수소가스 중의 산소의 양은 50ppm 미만이어야 한다.
  (2) 일산화탄소(CO), 이산화탄소(CO₂) 및 메탄(CH₄) : 질소가스를 이용하여 퍼징(purging)을 한 후 정확하게 농도값이 인증된 표준가스(CO, CO₂, CH₄)를 주입하여 얻은 크로마토그래피에서 각각의 표준가스의 피크높이가 적당한 높이가 되도록 주입량 등을 조절한다. 다음의 조작조건으로 가스크로마토그래피에 표준가스(CO, CO₂, CH₄)와 검체를 주입하여 크로마토그래피에서 얻은 검체의 피크면적과 표준가스의 피크면적을 비교했을 때, 각각 50ppm 미만이어야 한다.
   조작조건
     칼      럼 : Porapak Q 또는 이와 동등한 것
     검 출 기 : 불꽃이온화검출기(FID) 또는 열전도도검출기(TCD)
     주 입 기 : 루프주입기(1～2mL)
     주입구온도 : 120℃
     검출기온도 : 250℃
     칼럼온도 : 35℃에서 3분간 유지한 후 분당 35℃의 비율로 250℃까지 승온한다.
     메타나이저 온도 : 375℃
     캐리어가스 및 유량 : 순도 99.9995% 이상의 헬륨, 25～30mL/min
정량법

99.9% 이상의 것으로 인증된 표준가스와 검체를 다음의 조작조건으로 가스크로마토그래피에 주입하여 크로마토그래피에서 얻은 피크면적(또는 높이)으로부터 한점 교정에 의하여 수소가스의 함량을 구한다.
   조작조건
     컬      럼 : Molecular sieve 또는 이와 동등한 것
     검 출 기 : 열전도도검출기(TCD)
     주 입 기 : 루프주입기(1～2mL)
     주입구온도 : 120℃
     검출기온도 : 250℃
     칼럼온도 : 50℃에서 분당 50℃의 비율로 250℃까지 승온한다.
     캐리어가스 및 유량 : 아르곤 또는 질소, 25～30mL/min
물성
비자성이며 모스 굳기는 2.5이다. 습한 공기 중에는 표면만 산화되며 이로 인해 내부가 보호된다.(그래서 산화될 가능성이 높은 수도관 등을 아연으로 도금하기도 한다.) 공기 중에서 내식성은 아연의 순도가 높으면 높을수록 좋다고 한다. 공기 중에서 가열하면 흰색의 불꽃을 내며 탄 후, 녹색의 산화물이 된다. 적열 상태에서는 물을 분해해 수소를 발생시키기도 한다.
용도
가장 광범위하게 사용되는 무기화학 제품의 하나로 식품공업 (식첨용)및 기타 제반의 공업과 폐수 처리 등에 널리 사용된다.
개요
Hydrogen is colorless, odorless, tasteless, flammable, and nontoxic. It exists as a gas at ambient temperatures and atmospheric pressures. It is the lightest gas known, with a density approximately 0.07% that of air. Hydrogen is present in the atmosphere occurring in concentrations of only about 0.5 ppm by volume at lower altitudes.
화학적 성질
Hydrogen,H2, is a tasteless,colorless, odorless gas that may be liquified by cooling under pressure. Hydrogen is used in welding, in the production of ammonia, methanol, and other chemicals, for the hydrogenation of oil and coal,and for the reduction of metallic oxide ores.It is obtained by the dissociation of water and as a by-product in the electrolysis of brine solutions. Molecular hydrogen at ambient temperature is relatively innocuous to most metals.However, atomic hydrogen is detrimental to most metals.
물리적 성질
Hydrogen’s atom is the simplest of all the elements, and the major isotope (H-1) consists ofonly one proton in its nucleus and one electron in its K shell. The density of atomic hydrogenis 0.08988 g/l, and air’s density is 1.0 g/l (grams per liter). Its melting point is –255.34°C,and its boiling point is –252.87°C (absolute zero = –273.13°C or –459.4°F). Hydrogen hastwo oxidation states, +1 and –1.
Isotopes
The major isotope of hydrogen has just one proton and no neutrons in itsnucleus (₁H-1).Deuterium (₂D or H-2) has a nucleus consisting of one proton plus one neutron. Tritium (₃T or H-3), another variety of heavy water (TOT),has nuclei consisting of one proton and two neutrons.
Origin of Name
Hydrogen was named after the Greek term hydro genes, which means “water former.”
Characteristics
H₂ is a diatomic gas molecule composed of two tightly joined atoms that strongly sharetheir outer electrons. It is an odorless, tasteless, and colorless gas lighter than air. Hydrogenis included in group 1 with the alkali metals because it has an oxidation state of +1 as dothe other alkali metals. Experiments during the 1990s at the Lawrence Livermore NationalLaboratory (LLNL), in Livermore, California, lowered the temperature of H₂ to almostabsolute zero. By exploding gunpowder in a long tube that contained gaseous hydrogen, thegas that was under pressure of over one million times the normal atmospheric pressure wascompressed into a liquid. This extreme pressure on the very cold gas converted it to liquidhydrogen (almost to the point of solid metallic hydrogen), in which state it did act as a metaland conduct electricity.Hydrogen gas is slightly soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Although it is noncorrosive,it can permeate solids better than air. Hydrogen has excellent adsorption capabilities in theway it attaches and holds to the surface of some substances. (Adsorption is not the same asabsorption with a “b,” in which one substance intersperses another.
용도
In oxy-hydrogen blowpipe (welding) and limelight; autogenous welding of steel and other metals; manufacture of ammonia, synthetic methanol, HCl, NH3; hydrogenation of oils, fats, naphthalene, phenol; in balloons and airships; in metallurgy to reduce oxides to metals; in petroleum refining; in thermonuclear reactions (ionizes to form protons, deuterons (D) or tritons (T)). liquid hydrogen used in bubble chambers to study subatomic particles; as a coolant.
생산 방법
Hydrogen gas may be produced by several methods. It is commerciallyobtained by electrolysis of water. It also is made industrially by the reactionof steam with methane or coke:
CH₄ + H₂O → CO + 3H₂
C + H₂O → CO + H₂
CO + H₂O → CO₂ + H₂
The reactions are carried out at about 900 to 1,000°C and catalyzed by nick-el, nickel-alumina, or rhodium-alimina catalysts. In the laboratory, hydrogenmay be prepared by the reaction of zinc or iron with dilute hydrochloric or sulfuric acid:
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂
It also may be prepared by passing water vapor over heated iron:
H₂O + Fe → FeO + H₂
Also, it can be generated by reaction of metal hydrides with water:
CaH₂ + 2H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ + 2H₂
Another method of preparation involves heating aluminum, zinc, or otheractive metals in dilute sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide:
2Al + 6NaOH → 2Na₃AlO₃ + 3H₂
Zn + 2KOH → K₂ZnO₂ + H₂
정의
ChEBI: An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.
일반 설명
Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless gas. Hydrogen is easily ignited. Once ignited Hydrogen burns with a pale blue, almost invisible flame. The vapors are lighter than air. Hydrogen is flammable over a wide range of vapor/air concentrations. Hydrogen is not toxic but is a simple asphyxiate by the displacement of oxygen in the air. Under prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat the containers may rupture violently and rocket. Hydrogen is used to make other chemicals and in oxyHydrogen welding and cutting.
공기와 물의 반응
Highly flammable.
반응 프로필
Finely divided platinum and some other metals will cause a mixture of Hydrogen and oxygen to explode at ordinary temperatures. If a jet of Hydrogen in air impinges on platinum black the metal surface gets hot enough to ignite the gases, [Mellor 1:325(1946-1947)]. Explosive reactions occur upon ignition of mixtures of nitrogen trifluoride with good reducing agents such as ammonia, Hydrogen, Hydrogen sulfide or methane. Mixtures of Hydrogen, carbon monoxide, or methane and oxygen difluoride are exploded when a spark is discharged, [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:192(1956)]. An explosion occurred upon heating 1'-pentol and 1''-pentol under Hydrogen pressure. Hydrogen appears that this acetylenic compound under certain conditions suddenly breaks down to form elemental carbon, Hydrogen, and carbon monoxide with the release of sufficient energy to develop pressures in excess of 1000 atmospheres, [AIChE Loss Prevention, p1, (1967)].
위험도
Hydrogen gas is very explosive when mixed with oxygen gas and touched off by a spark or flame. Many hydrides of hydrogen are dangerous and can become explosive if not stored and handled correctly. Many organic and hydrocarbon compounds are essential for life to exist, but just as many are poisonous, carcinogenic, or toxic to living organisms.
건강위험
Hydrogen is practically nontoxic. In high concentrations this gas is a simple asphyxiant, and ultimate loss of consciousness may occur when oxygen
화재위험
EXTREMELY FLAMMABLE. Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Will form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. CAUTION: Hydrogen (UN1049), Deuterium (UN1957), Hydrogen, refrigerated liquid (UN1966) and Methane (UN1971) are lighter than air and will rise. Hydrogen and Deuterium fires are difficult to detect since they burn with an invisible flame. Use an alternate method of detection (thermal camera, broom handle, etc.) Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket.
인화성 및 폭발성
Hydrogen is a highly flammable gas that burns with an almost invisible flame and low heat radiation. Hydrogen forms explosive mixtures with air from 4 to 75% by volume. These explosive mixtures of hydrogen with air (or oxygen) can be ignited by a number of finely divided metals (such as common hydrogenation catalysts). In the event of fire, shut off the flow of gas and extinguish with carbon dioxide, dry chemical, or halon extinguishers. Warming of liquid hydrogen contained in an enclosed vessel to above its critical temperature can cause bursting of that container.
농업용
Hydrogen, a non-metallic element, is a colorless odorless, tasteless gas occurring in water combined with oxygen, and in all organic compounds (for example, hydrocarbons and carbohydrates). It is produced by electrolysis of water and is used in the Haber-Bosch process for producing ammonia - a major raw material for nitrogenous fertilizers.
Large quantities of hydrogen are utilized in catalytic hydrogenation of unsaturated vegetable oils to make solid fats and petroleum refining. Large quantities of hydrogen are also used as a propulsion fuel for rockets in conjunction with oxygen or fluorine. Being flammable, it is used with helium for filling balloons and airships.
Hydrogen is the lightest of all the elements holding position in Group 1 of the Periodic Table. It is abundant in the universe. There are three hydrogen isotopes namely hydrogen- 1, deuterium and tritium. The first two are naturally occurring stable isotopes and the third being radioactive, is made artificially.
Materials Uses
Hydrogen gas is noncorrosive and may be contained at ambient temperatures by most common metals used in installations designed to have sufficient strength for the working pressures involved. Equipment and piping built to use hydrogen should be selected with consideration of the possibility of embrittlement, particularly at elevated pressures and temperatures above 450°F (232°C). A Nelson curve should be consulted to select the proper alloys.
Metals used for liquid hydrogen equipment must have satisfactory properties at very low operating temperatures. Ordinary carbon steels lose their ductility at liquid hydrogen temperatures and are considered too brittle for this service. Suitable materials include austenitic chromium-nickel steels (stainless steels), copper, copper silicon alloys, aluminum, Monel, and some brasses and bronzes.
저장
hydrogen cylinders should be clamped or otherwise supported in place and used only in areas free of ignition sources and separate from oxidizers. Expansion of hydrogen released rapidly from a compressed cylinder will cause evolution of heat due to its negative Joule-Thompson coefficient.
Purification Methods
It is usually purified by passing through a suitable absorption train of tubes. Carbon dioxide is removed with KOH pellets, soda-lime or NaOH pellets. Oxygen is removed with a “De-oxo” unit or by passage over Cu heated to 450-500o and Cu on Kieselguhr at 250o. Passage over a mixture of MnO2 and CuO (Hopcalite) oxidises any CO to CO2 (which is removed as above). Hydrogen can be dried by passage through dried silica-alumina at -195o, through a dry-ice trap followed by a liquid-N2 trap packed with glass wool, through CaCl2 tubes, or through Mg(ClO4)2 or P2O5. Other purification steps include passage through a hot palladium thimble [Masson J Am Chem Soc 74 4731 1952], through an activated-charcoal trap at -195o, and through a non-absorbent cotton-wool filter or small glass spheres coated with a thin layer of silicone grease. Potentially VERY EXPLOSIVE in air.
비 호환성
Hydrogen is a reducing agent and reacts explosively with strong oxidizers such as halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine) and interhalogen compounds.
폐기물 처리
Excess hydrogen cylinders should be returned to the vendor. Excess hydrogen gas present over reaction mixtures should be carefully vented to the atmosphere under conditions of good ventilation after all ignition sources have been removed. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

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