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危険有害性情報のコード(GHS)

• 絵表示(GHS)

  

• 注意喚起語

  Danger

• 危険有害性情報

  H225：引火性の高い液体および蒸気

  H319：強い眼刺激

  H331：吸入すると有毒

• 注意書き

  P210：熱/火花/裸火/高温のもののような着火源から遠ざ けること。－禁煙。

  P261：粉じん/煙/ガス/ミスト/蒸気/スプレーの吸入を避ける こと。

  P337+P313：眼の刺激が続く場合：医師の診断/手当てを受けること。

  P403+P233：換気の良い場所で保管すること。容器を密閉 しておくこと。

ヘロイン 化学特性,用途語,生産方法

• 性質

  diacetylmorphine．C21H23NO5(369.41)．モルヒネのジアセチル誘導体．融点173 ℃，沸点272～274 ℃(5.6 kPa)．[α]²⁵_D－166°(エタノール)．クロロホルム，エタノールに可溶，エーテル，水に難溶．本来，その塩酸塩が商品名ヘロインであった．塩酸塩は白色の結晶．融点229～232 ℃．水，エタノールに易溶．鎮痛，呼吸抑制作用はモルヒネより強いが，依存性を起こしやすく，いわゆる麻薬中毒にかかりやすい．現在では臨床的にも用いられず，麻薬取締法により，製造，所持，使用が禁止されている．森北出版「化学辞典（第2版）

• 効能

  鎮痛薬, オピオイド受容体作動薬

• 化学的特性

  Light Brown Solid

• 使用

  Heroin does not occur in opium. It is madefrom poppy extract. Acetylation of morphinewith acetic anhydride or acetyl chlorideproduces heroin. Heroin is not generally usedclinically. Its illicit use in the street has beenrampant.

• 定義

  ChEBI: A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and ph sical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.

• 生物学の機能

  Heroin is the diacetyl derivative of morphine. It is not available in the United States for therapeutic use, although its use as a recreational drug is again on the rise. It is either injected or snorted (taken intranasally). It is most often cut, or diluted, with substances such as quinine, which contribute to the flash, or high. Injection of the drug leads to the eventual collapse of the vessels into which it is injected, leading to the appearance of track marks under the skin. Heroin passes rapidly into the brain and thus has a rapid onset of action. It is then metabolized to morphine. The rapid onset contributes to the abuse liability of the drug.Heroin use in pregnant women can lead to low-birth-weight babies, babies born addicted to heroin, immunosuppression, and an increased incidence of infections in both the mother and newborn; an increased incidence of AIDS also occurs.

• 一般的な説明

  Heroin, was first commercially synthesized in 1898 byBayer company in Germany as an alternate analgesic tomorphine. Heroin is the 3,6 diacetylated form of morphine. The laboratory researchers, which also used theacetylation process to convert salicylic acid into acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin), believed that heroin would be an effectiveanalgesic with no addictive properties. This was unfortunatelynot the case. They named the product “heroin”because it made the test subjects, including some of thechemists, feel “heroic.” With both OH groups protected asan ester, heroin can pass through the blood-brain barrierquicker than morphine and lead to the euphoric “rush” thatbecomes so addictive to addicts, especially after IV injection.Once heroin is in the brain, it is quickly metabolizedto 3-acetylmorphine, which has low to zero activity at theμ-receptor and 6-acetylmorphine, which is 2 to 3 timesmore potent at the μ-receptor than morphine.
  Heroin is not available as a prescription product in theUnited States, although it is available in some countries totreat pain associated with cancer and myocardial infarctions.It remains one of the most widely used narcotics for illicitpurposes and places major economic burdens on society.

• 健康ハザード

  Heroin is a strongly habit-forming drug. Itis more potent than its parent compound,morphine, and much more potent thanopium. The toxic effects are similar tothose of morphine. An overdose can causerespiratory failure. It is a depressant anda stimulant of the central nervous system,showing a wide range of effects, rangingfrom drowsiness to distorted perceptionsand hallucinations. Toxicological problemsfrom an overdose of heroin may also leadto coma and pinpoint pupil. The toxicityof heroin may be enhanced when it iscoadministered with cocaine. Administrationof a narcotic antagonist such as naloxone ornaltrexone may be performed for therapy.A subcutaneous lethal dose in rabbits maybe 180 mg/kg. Heroin may produce harmfulreproductive effects in animals and humans.It is a controlled substance (opiate) listedunder the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations(Title 21, Part 329.1, 1308.11, 1987).

• 薬理学

  Diamorphine is available for parenteral and oral use. It is more lipid soluble than morphine, affecting distribution and tissue penetration. One advantage over morphine is in seings where high concentrations are required in relatively low volumes, such as palliative care. Furthermore, when lipid solubility is important in regulating site of action (e.g. epidural, intrathecal use), some practitioners believe that diamorphine has specific advantages over morphine.
  Diamorphine is a prodrug. It is inactive at opioid receptors but is converted rapidly to the active metabolites 6-monoacetylmorphine (6 MAM), morphine and M-6-G. Presence of 6-MAM in urine or salvia can be used to differentiate between morphine and heroin (diamorphine) consumption. Further metabolism is similar to that of morphine; similar problems may arise in renal impairment.

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