窒素トリクロリド

窒素トリクロリド 化学特性,用途語,生産方法

• 解説

  塩化窒素．三塩化窒素(nitrogen trichloride)ともいう．アンモニウム塩の酸性水溶液に過剰の塩素または次亜塩素酸HClOを作用させると生成する．工業的には，塩化アンモニウムの酸性水溶液の電気分解で製造する．クロロホルムで抽出できる(18％ 以下のCHCl3溶液は安定である)．室温では黄色の油状の刺激臭のある液体．分子は三方すい型構造，N-Cl1.759 Å．∠Cl-N-Cl107.1°．融点－40 ℃，沸点107.1 ℃．密度1.65 g cm－3(20 ℃)．光，衝撃，加熱(93 ℃ 以上)で爆発する．CCl4，CHCl3，CS2，ベンゼンなどに可溶．熱水で加水分解してNH3とHClOを生じる．水の塩素消毒で発生して塩素臭の原因となっている．小麦粉の漂白，殺菌，消毒剤などに用いられる．有毒．

• 化学的特性

  Yellow oil or rhombic crystals.Insoluble in cold water; decomposes in hot water; soluble in chloroform, phosphorus trichloride, and carbon disulfide.

• 物理的性質

  Yellow, oily, heavy liquid; pungent odor; density 1.653 g/mL; freezes to rhombohedral crystalline solid below -40°C; evaporates in air rapidly; vaporpressure 150 torr at 20°C; explodes when heated at 93°C; highly unstable, decomposes explosively in light; insoluble in water, decomposes slowly in cold water after several hours; decomposes in hot water; soluble in benzene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide and phosphorus trichloride.

• 使用

  Bleaching of flour; wastage control of citrus fruit.

• 製造方法

  Nitrogen trichloride is prepared by passing chlorine gas into slightly acid solution of ammonium chloride. The product is continuously extracted with carbon tetrachloride:
  NH₄Cl + 3Cl₂ → NCl₃ + 4HCl
  Hypochlorous acid, HOCl, also may be used instead of chlorine in such preparation.
  Nitrogen trichloride can be prepared by the action of anhydrous chlorine with anhydrous ammonia:
  3Cl₂ + NH₃ → NCl₃ + 3HCl
  Nitrogen trichloride is made commercially by electrolyzing an acidified solution of ammonium chloride.

• 危険性

  Explodes when heated to approximately 200F (93C) or when exposed to direct sunlight. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong irritant.

• 安全性プロファイル

  Moderately toxic by inhalation. An irritant to the eyes, skin, mucous membranes, and a systemic central nervous system irritant. An explosive sensitive to impact, light, and ultrasound. The solid explodes on melting. The liquid explodes above 60°C. Concentrated solutions are also explosive. Explosive decomposition is initiated by contact with: concentrated ammonia, arsenic, dinitrogen tetraoxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen trisulfide, nitrogen oxide, organic matter, ozone, phosphine, phosphorus, potassium cyanide, potassium hydroxide solutions, selenium, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen iodide. mxtures with chlorine + hydrogen are potentially explosive. Upon decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl- and NOx. See also CHLORIDES.

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