Iod

Gefahreninformationscode (GHS)

• Bildanzeige (GHS)

  

• Alarmwort

  Achtung

• Gefahrenhinweise

  H315：Verursacht Hautreizungen.

  H319：Verursacht schwere Augenreizung.

  H335：Kann die Atemwege reizen.

  H372：Schädigt bei Hautkontakt und Verschlucken die Organe bei längerer oder wiederholter Exposition.

  H400：Sehr giftig für Wasserorganismen.

• Sicherheit

  P273：Freisetzung in die Umwelt vermeiden.

  P280：Schutzhandschuhe/Schutzkleidung/Augenschutz tragen.

  P301+P312：BEI VERSCHLUCKEN: Bei Unwohlsein GIFTINFORMATIONSZENTRUM/Arzt/... (geeignete Stelle für medizinische Notfallversorgung vom Hersteller/Lieferanten anzugeben) anrufen.

  P314：Bei Unwohlsein ärztlichen Rat einholen / ärztliche Hilfe hinzuziehen.

Iodine Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden

• ERSCHEINUNGSBILD

  SCHWARZBLAUE ODER DUNKELVIOLETTE KRISTALLE MIT STECHENDEM GERUCH.

• PHYSIKALISCHE GEFAHREN

  Iod sublimiert leicht.

• CHEMISCHE GEFAHREN

  Beim Erhitzen bilden sich giftige Rauche. Starkes Oxidationsmittel. Reagiert mit brennbaren und reduzierenden Stoffen. Reagiert sehr heftig mit Metallpulvern, Antimon, Ammoniak, Acetaldehyd, Acetylen unter Feuer- und Explosionsgefahr.

• ARBEITSPLATZGRENZWERTE

  TLV: 0.1 ppm (als STEL, ceiling); (ACGIH 2005).
  MAK: IIb (nicht festgelegt, aber Informationen vorhanden) (DFG 2005).
  

• AUFNAHMEWEGE

  Aufnahme in den Körper durch Inhalation der Dämpfe, über die Haut und durch Verschlucken.

• INHALATIONSGEFAHREN

  Beim Verdampfen bei 20°C kann schnell eine gesundheitsschädliche Kontamination der Luft eintreten.

• WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION

  WIRKUNGEN BEI KURZZEITEXPOSITION:
  Tränenreizend. Die Substanz reizt stark die Augen, die Atemwege und die Haut. Inhalation des Dampfes kann zu Asthma(Reaktives Atemwegsfunktionsstörungssyndrom RADS) und zu Lungenödem führen (s.Anm.). Die Auswirkungen treten u.U. verzögert ein. ärztliche Beobachtung notwendig.

• WIRKUNGEN NACH WIEDERHOLTER ODER LANGZEITEXPOSITION

  Wiederholter oder andauernder Hautkontakt kann in seltenen Fällen zu Hautsensibilisierung und zu asthmaähnlichem Syndrom (RADS) führen. Möglich sind Auswirkungen auf die Schilddrüse.

• LECKAGE

  Verschüttetes Material in abdichtbaren Behältern sammeln; falls erforderlich durch Anfeuchten Staubentwicklung verhindern. Reste sorgfältig sammeln. An sicheren Ort bringen. NICHT mit Sägemehl oder anderen brennbaren Absorptionsmitteln binden. NICHT in die Umwelt gelangen lassen. Persönliche Schutzausrüstung: Atemschutzfilter für anorganische Gase und Dämpfe sowie Halogene.

• R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:

  R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
  R50:Sehr giftig für Wasserorganismen.
  R20/21:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen und bei Berührung mit der Haut.

• S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:

  S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
  S61:Freisetzung in die Umwelt vermeiden. Besondere Anweisungen einholen/Sicherheitsdatenblatt zu Rate ziehen.
  S25:Berührung mit den Augen vermeiden.
  S23:Gas/Rauch/Dampf/Aerosol nicht einatmen(geeignete Bezeichnung(en) vom Hersteller anzugeben).

• Aussehen Eigenschaften

  I2, elementar, Kristallplättchen tief violett

• Gefahren für Mensch und Umwelt

  Gefährliche Reaktionen: Mit Alkalimetallen, Ammoniak, Nichtmetallen, Halogen-halogenverb., Acetyliden, Halbmetallen, Aluminium, Acetylen, Acetaldehyd, Carbiden, Fluor, Magnesium, Quecksilber, Lithiumsilicid, Silberazid, Terpentin, Cäsiumoxid, Calciumhydrid
  Hautkontakt führt zu Pigmentverlust. Nach Verschlucken treten Metallgeschmack, blutige Durchfälle, Fieber und Kollaps auf. Das Einatmen von Joddämpfen verätzt die Atemwege. Chronische Aufnahme verursacht Hautveränderungen ("Jodakne") und allergische Reaktionen mit Schnupfen, Bindehautentzündung, Bronchitis und Asthma.; LD50 (oral, Ratte): 14000 mg/kg
  Schwach wassergefährdend (WGK 1).

• Schutzmaßnahmen und Verhaltensregeln

  Dicht verschlossen, an gut belüftetem Ort.
  Bei Auftreten von Dämpfen/Aerosolen
  Schutzbrille mit Seitenschutz und oberer Augenraumabdeckung
  Neopren-Schutzhandschuhe als kurzzeitiger Spritz- und Staubschutz

• Verhalten im Gefahrfall

  Reinigungsverfahren: trocken aufnehmen, der Sondermüllentsorgung zuführen, Nachreinigen

• Erste Hilfe

  Nach Hautkontakt: Mit viel Wasser abwaschen
  Nach Augenkontakt: 15 Minuten bei gespreizten Lidern unter fließendem Wasser mit Augendusche ausspülen. Augenarzt konsultieren!
  Nach Einatmen: Frischluft.
  Nach Verschlucken: Viel milch (evtl. Wasser od.Haferschleim) trinken. Natriumsulfat verabreichen. Arzt befragen!
  Ersthelfer: siehe gesonderten Anschlag

• Sachgerechte Entsorgung

  Falls Recycling nicht möglich, als Sonderabfall entsorgen, zuständige Stellen: Hubland-Herr Riepl:8884711, Klinikum-Herr Uhl:2015557.

• Beschreibung

  Iodine was discovered in 1811 by Bernard Courtois, and is classed among the rarer elements. Iodine is found naturally in seaweed, and is considered and generally recognized as safe substance by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Iodine is a required element by many species, including humans. It has been recognized as preventative against goiter since 1819, and is used in iodized salt for this purpose. Iodine is also used as a dough oxidizer in commercial bread making. Iodine is generally extracted from natural and oil field brines by means of oxidation of iodide with chlorine, then removal from solution with an airstream. Iodine is reabsorbed in solution and reduces to hidrotic acid with sulfur dioxide. The solution is then chlorinated to precipitate free iodine, and is further purified by treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid. Iodine is the heaviest essential element for most life, with tungsten being used by some bacteria.

• Chemische Eigenschaften

  Iodine is available as bluish-black crystals with a metallic luster and a pungent odor. It is slightly soluble in water (0.03 g/100 g). It is stable under ordinary conditions of use and storage. Iodine is incompatible with ammonia, powdered metals, alkali metals, or strong reducing agents. It reacts violently or explosively with acetaldehyde and acetylene, and reacts with ammonium hydroxide to form shock-sensitive iodides on drying. Iodine is a naturally occurring element that is essential for the good health of people and animals. Iodine is found in small amounts in seawater and in certain rocks and sediments. Iodine occurs in many different forms that can be blue, brown, yellow, red, white, or colorless. Most forms of iodine easily dissolve in water or alcohol. Iodine has many uses. Its most important use is as a disinfectant for cleaning surfaces and storage containers. It is also used in skin soaps and bandages, and for purifying water. Iodine is used in medicines and is added to food, such as table salt, to ensure that people have enough iodine in their bodies to form essential thyroid hormones. Iodine is put into animal feeds for the same reason. Iodine is used in the chemical industry for making inks and coloring agents, chemicals used in photography, and in making batteries, fuels, and lubricants. Radioactive iodine also occurs naturally. Radioactive iodine is used in medical tests and to treat certain diseases, such as over-activity or cancer of the thyroid gland. Iodine is important for the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones.

• Physikalische Eigenschaften

  Bluish-black orthorhombic crystals; refractive index 3.34; density of solid4.933 g/cm3at 20°C; density of the element in liquid form at 120°C 3.96 g/cm3;melts at 113.6°C to a black mobile liquid; the solid can be sublimed to vaporbelow its melting point; vapor pressure of solid at 25°C 0.3075 torr; vaporpressure at 113.6°C 90.5 torr; the liquid boils at 184.3°C giving violet vapors;vapor density 6.75 g/L; critical temperature 545.8°C; critical pressure 48.9atm; critical volume 155 cm3/mol; dielectric constant of solid 10.3 at 23°C and liquid 11.08 at 118°C; resistivity 5.85 x 106ohm-cm at 25°C, and 1.10 x 105ohm-cm at 140°C; slightly soluble in water, 0.33 g/L at 25°C; soluble inethanol, carbon disulfide, benzene and chloroform, forming brown solutions;sulfur, selenium, metal iodides and many organic compounds dissolve in liq-uid iodine.

• History

  Iodine was discovered in 1811 by French chemist, Bernard Courtois duringthe production of potassium nitrate for Napoleon’s armies. It was recognizedas a new element by Gay-Lussac who named it iodine.
  Iodine is widely distributed in nature, found in rocks, soils and under-ground brines. An important mineral is lautarite, which is anhydrous calciumiodate found in nitrate deposits in Chile. The element also occurs in brownseaweeds, in seawater, and in many natural gas wells. Its concentration in theearth’s crust is an estimated 0.5 mg/kg; and in seawater 0.06 mg/L.
  Iodine is used in many dyes and as a colorant for foods and cosmetics. Itssilver salt is used in photographic negative emulsions. Other industrial appli-cations include dehydrogenation of butane and butylenes to 1,3-butadiene; asa catalyst in many organic reactions; in treatment of naphtha to yield highoctane motor fuel; and in preparation of many metals in high purity grade,such as titanium, zirconium and hafnium.
  Iodine is an essential nutrient element required for thyroid gland. It isadded to salt and to animal feeds for the prevention of goiter. In medicine itis used as a therapeutic reagent for the treatment of various thyroid-relateddiseases. It also is used as an antiseptic. Radioactive isotopes of iodine areused for treating thyroid cancer, heart diseases including tachycardia, and asa tracer for diagnosing certain diseases.
  An important application of iodine is in water purification and sanitation.It is used as a disinfectant in food-processing plants, dairies and restaurants.It is applied to disinfect municipal and other water supplies and swimmingpools.

• Verwenden

  Synthesis of organic chemicals; photographic film; as a disinfectant in drinking water

• Verwenden

  Anti-infective, topical.

• Verwenden

  Iodine is used in the manufacture of manyiodine compounds; in photographic materi als; as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and germi cide; and as a reagent in analytical chemistry.It occurs in traces in seawater and in igneousrocks.

• Vorbereitung Methode

  In the United States, the principal method used to recover iodine from oil brines involves the oxidation of iodide by chlorine, followed by removal of the volatile iodine from solution with an airstream. The iodine is reabsorbed in solution and reduced to hidrotic acid with sulfur dioxide. The solution is then chlorinated to precipitate free iodine, which is further purified by treatment with concentrated sulfuric acid. The same process is used to recover iodine from natural brines. In the recovery of iodine from Chilean nitrate deposits, solutions containing the iodates are reduced with sodium bisulfite to precipitate the iodine, which is then purified by sublimation.

• Definition

  ChEBI: Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..

• Biologische Funktion

  Inhibition of the release of thyroid hormone by iodide is the basis for its use in hyperthyroidism. Iodide decreases the vascularity of the enlarged thyroid gland and also lowers the elevated BMR. It also has been suggested that excess iodide might change the conformation of thyroglobulin, making the protein less susceptible to thyroidal proteolysis.

• Allgemeine Beschreibung

  Violet-black crystals with a metallic luster and a sharp odor. Mp: 133.5°C, bp: 185°C. Emits toxic vapor at room conditions; vapor becomes visibly purple when its concentration builds up in a confined space. Nearly insoluble in water but very soluble in aqueous solutions of iodides.

• Reaktivität anzeigen

  Iodine is an oxidizing agent. Reacts vigorously with reducing materials. Incompatible with powdered metals in the presence of water (ignites), with gaseous or aqueous ammonia (forms explosive products), with acetylene (reacts explosively), with acetaldehyde (violent reaction), with metal azides (forms yellow explosive iodoazides), with metal hydrides (ignites), with metal carbides (ignites easily), with potassium and sodium (forms shock-senstive explosive compounds) and with alkali-earth metals (ignites). Incompatible with ethanol, formamide, chlorine, bromine, bromine trifluoride, chlorine trifluoride.

• Hazard

  Iodine vapors are an irritant to eyes, nose and mucous membranes.Inhalation can cause headache, irritation, and congestion of lungs. Oralintake can produce burning of the mouth, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominalcramps. Skin contact can cause rashes.

• Health Hazard

  The acute toxicity of iodine by inhalation is high. Exposure may cause severe breathing difficulties, which may be delayed in onset; headache, tightness of the chest, and congestion of the lungs may also result. In an experimental investigation, four human subjects tolerated 0.57 ppm iodine vapor for 5 min without eye irritation, but all experienced eye irritation in 2 min at 1.63 ppm. Iodine in crystalline form or in concentrated solutions is a severe skin irritant; it is not easily removed from the skin, and the lesions resemble thermal burns. Iodine is more toxic by the oral route in humans than in experimental animals; ingestion of 2 to 3 g of the solid may be fatal in humans.
  Iodine has not been found to be carcinogenic or to show reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans. Chronic absorption of iodine may cause insomnia, inflammation of the eyes and nose, bronchitis, tremor, rapid heartbeat, diarrhea, and weight loss.

• Flammability and Explosibility

  Iodine is noncombustible and in itself represents a negligible fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame. However, when heated, it will increase the burning rate of combustible materials.

• Environmental Fate

  Iodine is released into the environment during nuclear explosions, as well as around any fuel rods, primarily spent. Due to iodine’s uses, it is frequently released into the environment, but adsorbs many minerals as well as organic masses, which inhibit transport.

• Lager

  safety goggles and rubber gloves should be worn when handling iodine, and operations involving large quantities should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure to iodine vapor or dusts by inhalation.

• läuterung methode

  It is usually purified by vacuum sublimation. Preliminary purifications include grinding with 25% by weight of KI, blending with 10% BaO and subliming, subliming with CaO, grinding to a powder and treating with successive portions of H2O to remove dissolved salts, then drying, and recrystallising from *benzene. Barrer and Wasilewski [Trans Faraday Soc 57 1140 1961] dissolved I2 in concentrated KI and distilled it, then steam distilled it three times and washed it with distilled H2O. Organic material is removed by sublimation in a current of O2 over platinum at about 700o, the iodine being finally sublimed under vacuum. HARMFUL VAPOURS.

• Toxicity evaluation

  Iodine is a powerful oxidizing agent and has a direct action on cells by precipitating proteins. The affected cells may be destroyed. In addition to the primary irritant action of iodine, this compound can act as a potent sensitizer. Iodine is an integral part of thyroid hormones (tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine) and triiodothyronine), and deficiency results in compensatory hyperplasia and hypertrophy of the thyroid gland (endemic goiter). Endemic goiter occurs naturally where soil is deficient in iodine.

• Inkompatibilitäten

  Iodine is stable under normal temperatures and pressures. Iodine may react violently with acetylene, ammonia, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, acrylonitrile, powdered antimony, tetraamine copper(II) sulfate, and liquid chlorine. Iodine can form sensitive, explosive mixtures with potassium, sodium, and oxygen difluoride; ammonium hydroxide reacts with iodine to produce nitrogen triiodide, which detonates on drying.

• Waste disposal

  Excess iodine and waste material containing this substance should be placed in an appropriate container, clearly labeled, and handled according to your institution's waste disposal guidelines. For more information on disposal procedures, see Chapter 7 of this volume.

• Vorsichtsmaßnahmen

  Students, users, and occupational workers should specially note iodine as: Poison, Danger, and Corrosive. Exposures cause severe irritation or burns to every area of contact. It may be fatal if ingested/swallowed/inhaled. The vapors cause severe irritation to the skin, eyes, and respiratory tract. Iodine is a strong oxidizer and contact with other material may cause fi re. Occupational workers should wear impervious protective clothing, boots, gloves, a lab- oratory coat, apron or coveralls, as appropriate, to prevent skin contact of iodine. Also, workers should use chemical safety goggles and/or a full-face shield where splashing is possible. Maintain an eye-wash fountain and quick-drench facilities in the work area.

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