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• outline

  Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is a complex organic compound that belongs to the B vitamins. It contains trivalent cobalt in a porphyrin Corrin plane at the center of the ring, making it the largest and most complex vitamin molecule. Vitamin B12 is the only vitamin that contains a metal ion, giving it a red crystal appearance.
  Plant sources do not contain Vitamin B12, so it cannot be naturally produced by plants. The liver is the best source of Vitamin B12, followed by milk, meat, eggs, and fish. Vitamin B12 plays an essential role as a coenzyme in the synthesis of RNA and DNA. A deficiency of Vitamin B12 can lead to pathological changes in the nervous system, affecting both the peripheral nerves and the central nervous system.
  The discovery of Vitamin B12 can be attributed to the research conducted in the treatment of pernicious anemia, a previously incurable disease. In 1926, Minot and Murphy found that large amounts of raw liver could cure the disease, for which they were awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. This led to the successful treatment of pernicious anemia using liver concentrate. In 1948, Smith and Parker independently isolated a red crystal from liver concentrate, naming it Vitamin B12. In the same year, R. West confirmed its effectiveness in treating pernicious anemia through injections of Vitamin B12. The crystal structure of Vitamin B12 was determined in 1955 by D. Hodgkin using X-ray analysis, for which she won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. In 1972, Woodward successfully synthesized Vitamin B12 in its entirety.
  
  Figure 1 is the source of vitamin B12
  ;

• Chemical properties

  Deep red crystal or powder, odorless and tasteless, absorbs moisture. Slightly soluble in water and ethanol, insoluble in chloroform or ether. Resistant to heat, but can become ineffective when exposed to oxidizing or reducing substances, heavy metals, strong acids, or alkalis.    ;

• The structure of vitamin B12

  Vitamin B12 is an octahedral compound that contains cobalt ions. Its central structure is composed of a corrin ring connected to four pyrrole groups and a 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole (DMBI) ligand. The cobalt ion is chelated to the Corrin ring by four nitrogen atoms. The DMBI ligand is linked to the cobalt ion through its N-7 atom and is further connected to a phosphate group, aminopropanol, and the propionic acid side chains of pyrrole D. The cobalt ion is also linked to adenosine or methyl groups as a beta ligand. Different forms of vitamin B12 have different axial ligands on the corrin ring. For example, hydroxyl (-OH) is connected to the cobalt ion to form hydroxocobalamin, deoxyadenosine forms deoxyadenosylcobalamin, methyl forms methylcobalamin, and cyano forms Vitamin B12e. ;

• Uses

  1.Vitamin B12 is a crucial nutrient that is necessary for the proper functioning of the human body. Its deficiency can lead to anemia and various nervous system disorders.
  2.Vitamin B12 is primarily used in the treatment of megaloblastic anemia. It is also used to address poor nutrition, anemia due to blood loss, neuralgia, and obstructive disorders.
  3.In the human body, vitamin B12 plays a crucial role in metabolism. The average total amount of vitamin B12 in the body is approximately 2-5mg, with the majority (50-90%) stored in the liver.
  4.Vitamin B12, along with folic acid, is essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids during cell division. It is involved in the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, nucleic acids, and methionine.
  In summary, vitamin B12 is primarily used to treat conditions such as pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, anemia caused by antifolate drugs, and multiple neuritis. It is an essential nutrient for the proper functioning of the body, and its deficiency can lead to various health issues.;

• Physiologic function

  1.Vitamin B12 plays a crucial role in the utilization of folic acid. It works in conjunction with folic acid to synthesize methionine and choline, which are important compounds involved in various processes such as purine and pyrimidine synthesis.
  2.Vitamin B12 is essential for maintaining the metabolism and function of the nerve myelin sheath. Deficiency in vitamin B12 can result in neurological disorders, spinal cord degeneration, and severe psychiatric symptoms. It can also cause peripheral neuritis.
  3. Vitamin B12 promotes the development and maturation of red blood cells. It is involved in the conversion of two acyl coenzyme A to succinate coenzyme A, which is crucial for the synthesis of the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
  4.In addition to the aforementioned functions, Vitamin B12 also plays a role in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. ;

• Main Application

  1. Applications for medical and health care
  Used in the treatment of various Vitamin B12 deficiency, for example: treat megaloblastic anemia, anemia caused by poisoning, aplastic anemia and leukopenia psychosis; and with the use of pantothenic acid, which can prevent malignant anemia, helps Fe2+ uptake and secretion of gastric acid; also used to treat arthritis, facial nerve paralysis, trigeminal neuralgia, hepatitis, herpes, asthma and other allergies, atopic dermatitis, hives, eczema and bursitis; Vitamin B12 can also be used for the nervousness, irritability, insomnia, memory loss, depression disorder treatment. New research shows that, Vitamin B12 deficiency can also cause depression mental illness. Vitamin B12 as a therapeutic agent or health products ,is very safe,more than thousands of times of RDA Vitamin B12 is not found poisoning phenomenon in intravenous or intramuscular.
  2. Applications in respect of feed
  Vitamin B12 can promote growth and development of the poultry, livestock especially poult, young animals , improve the utilization of feed protein, and thus it may be used as feed additives. Treatment of eggs and fry with vitamin B12 solution to improve fish of toxic substances in the water such as tolerance to benzene and heavy metal and reducing mortality. Since the "mad cow" incident in European, the use of the chemical structure of vitamins and other nutritional supplements to replace the clear "MBM" has more room for development. Currently the world's production of Vitamin B12 is mostly used for the feed industry.
  3. In other aspects of the application
  In developed countries, Vitamin B12 complex with other substances are used in cosmetics; in the food industry, Vitamin B12 is used as ham, sausage, ice cream, fish, meat and other food colorants. In family life, the Vitamin B12 solution is adsorbed on activated carbon, zeolites, non-woven fabric or paper to be made into soap, toothpaste, etc; it can be used for deodorant toilet, refrigerator, eliminating the smell of sulfide and aldehydes; Vitamin B12 is also available in dehalogenation of environmental protection soil and common pollutants in surface water-organic halides.;

• Content Analysis

  Weighed accurately sample of about 30 mg, and it is taken transferred to a 1000ml volumetric flask to volume with water and mix. Another Weigh Pharmaceutical grade vitamin B12 as reference standard sample, dissolved in water, and then gradually diluted with water to a concentration of about 30μg/ml of the standard solution. Make a blank test with water, with a suitable spectrophotometer, and measured at the maximum absorption wavelength (about 361nm), the absorbance of the two solutions in 1 cm Colorimetric pool . According to the following formula to calculate the sample of vitamin B12 (C63 H88CoNl4O14P) content (mg).
  Content of vitamin B12 (mg) = C × Au/As
  Where c is the concentration of reference standard solution, in units of μg/ml; Au and As are the absorbance of the sample solution and reference standard solution, respectively.;

• Toxicity

  GRAS(FDA，§182．5945，2000)。 ;

• Limited use

  GB 14880-94: infant food, fortified beverages 10~15μg/kg.
  FDA, §184.1945 (2000): In (3MP) limit.
  GB 2760-2002 (μg/kg): soft drinks 0.6-1.8 ; instant breakfast cereal, 5-10; jelly 2.0-6.0; cocoa powder and other solid nutritional beverage flavors, 1-6.6 (corresponding nutritious milk drink by diluting reduce multiple usage).;

• Production method

  1. A large number of synthetic vitamin B12 can be produced by actinomycetes, such as Streptomyces sp., and the production of vitamin B12. in the culture solution of this kind of bacteria is used in industry. The whole synthesis of vitamin B12 has been completed in 1973 by R.B. Wood, which is a very outstanding work in organic synthesis.
  2.1)It is prepared by the chain of gray mold fermentation broth after acidification with a weak acid exchange acrylic cationic resin--122 adsorption, and then eluted, purified, transformed with 1% cyanide by solvent and water extraction repeatedly, lead oxide layer analysis, crystallized from acetone to obtain the finished product.
  (2) Glucose, corn syrup as the raw material, vaccination Hsueh Propionibacterium (Propionibacterium shermarii) fermentation, the fermentation broth was added cobalt chloride, 5,6-2-methyl benzimidazole, were extracted and dried to obtain product.;

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