Description
Calcium acetate is a chemical compound which is calcium salt of acetic acid. It has the formula Ca(C2H3O2)2. Its standard name is calcium acetate, while calcium ethanoate is the systematic name. An older name is acetate of lime. The anhydrous form is very hygroscopic; therefore the monohydrate (Ca(CH3COO)2?H2O) is the common form.
Definition
ChEBI: The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is
excreted in the faeces.
Preparation
Produced by calcium hydroxide neutralization of acetic acid.
Production Methods
Calcium acetate can be prepared by soaking calcium carbonate (found in eggshells, or in common carbonate rocks such as lime stone or marble) in vinegar:
CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH → Ca(CH3COO)2 + H2O + CO2
Since both reagents would have been available pre-historically, the chemical would have been observable as crystals then.
General Description
Calcium Acetate belongs to the group of calcium salts, widely used as phosphorus binders in patients with chronic renal failure.
Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Calcium acetate is used as a preservative in oral and topical
formulations.
Therapeutically, parenteral calcium acetate acts as a source of
calcium ions for hypocalcemia or electrolyte balance. Oral
calcium acetate is used as a complexing agent for hyperphosphatemia
in dialysis patients. Calcium acetate is also used in the
food industry as a stabilizer, buffer and sequestrant.
Clinical Use
Phosphate binding agent
Safety
Calcium acetate is used in oral and topical formulations. The pure
form of calcium acetate is toxic by IP and IV routes.
LD50 (mouse, IP): 0.075 g/kg
LD50 (mouse, IV): 0.052 g/kg
LD50 (rat, oral): 4.28 g/kg
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
Calcium acetate can be used for oral administration to treat hyperphosphatemia
in patients with chronic renal failure. Secondary to its
phosphorus binding efficiency and lower concentration of elemental
calcium, calcium acetate is considered the most effective and having
the lowest potential for causing hypercalcemia of the calcium-based
phosphorus-binding agents. When compared to calcium carbonate,
calcium acetate binds approximately twice as much phosphorus per gram of elemental calcium administered. Unlike calcium citrate, calcium
acetate does not promote aluminum absorption.
Drug interactions
Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Can impair absorption of some drugs, e.g. iron,
ciprofloxacin.
Metabolism
The residual acetate will be metabolised through
bicarbonate, which will be further excreted via normal
metabolic routes.
Any unbound calcium not involved in the binding
of phosphate will be variable and may be absorbed.
Calcium is absorbed mainly from the small intestine by
active transport and passive diffusion. About one-third
of ingested calcium is absorbed although this can vary
depending upon dietary factors and the state of the small
intestine. 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol), a
metabolite of vitamin D, enhances the active phase of
absorption.
Excess calcium is mainly excreted renally. Unabsorbed
calcium is eliminated in the faeces, together with that
secreted in the bile and pancreatic juice. Minor amounts
are lost in the sweat, skin, hair, and nails.
storage
Calcium acetate is stable although very hygroscopic, and so the
monohydrate is the common form. It decomposes on heating (above
1608℃) to form calcium carbonate and acetone.
Store in well-closed airtight containers.
Purification Methods
Recrystallise it from water (3mL/g) by partial evaporation in a desiccator. [Beilstein 2 IV 113.]
Incompatibilities
Calcium acetate is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and
moisture.
Regulatory Status
GRAS listed. Accepted for use as a food additive in Europe.
Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (oral suspensions
and tablets; topical emulsions, lotions, and creams). Included
in nonparenteral medicines (oral tablets) licensed in the UK.