АЦЕФАТ

Описание

Acephate is an organophosphate foliar spray insecticide of moderate persistence with residual systemic activity. It is a contact and systemic insecticide and very effective against a large number of crop pests such as alfalfa looper, aphids, armyworms, bagworms, bean leaf beetle, bean leafroller, black grass bugs, bollworm, budworm, and cabbage looper. Acephate is a colourless to white solid organophosphate insecticide. Exposures to acephate cause poisoning to animals and humans. Acephate inhibits acetylcholine esterase (AchE), the essential nervous system enzyme, and causes characteristic organophosphate poisoning. The symptoms of toxicity include, but are not limited to, headache, nervousness, blurred vision, weakness, nausea, fatigue, stomach cramps, diarrhoea, difficulty in breathing, chest pain, sweating, pinpoint pupils, tearing, salivation, clear nasal discharge and sputum, vomiting, muscle twitching, muscle weakness, and, in severe poisoning, convulsions, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Acephate causes cholinesterase inhibition leading to overstimulation, respiratory paralysis, and death. The U.S. EPA classified acephate as Group C, meaning a possible human carcinogen, and therefore requires judicious handling and management.

Химические свойства

Acephate is an organophosphate foliar spray insecticide of moderate persistence with residual systemic activity. It is a contact and systemic insecticide and very effective against a large number of crop pests, such as alfalfa looper, aphids, armyworms, bagworms, bean leafbeetle, bean leafroller, blackgrass bugs, bollworm, budworm, and cabbage looper.

Использование

Acephate is an organophosphate foliar spray insecticide of moderate persistence with residual systemic activity. It is a contact and systemic insecticide and very effective against a large number of crop pests, such as alfalfa looper, aphids, armyworms, bagworms, bean leafbeetle, bean leafroller, blackgrass bugs, bollworm, budworm, and cabbage looper.

Определение

ChEBI: A phosphoramide that is methamidophos in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group.

Общее описание

A white solid. Used as a contact and systemic insecticide.

Реакции воздуха и воды

Soluble in water.

Профиль реактивности

A thiophosphate ester. Organothiophosphates are susceptible to formation of highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas in the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides. Partial oxidation by oxidizing agents may result in the release of toxic phosphorus oxides.

Угроза здоровью

Acephate is a colorless to white, solid organophosphate insecticide. Exposures to acephate cause poisoning to animals and humans. Acephate inhibits acetylcholine esterase (AchE), the essential nervous system enzyme, and causes characteristic organophosphate poi- soning. The symptoms of toxicity include, but are not limited to, headache, nervousness, blurred vision, weakness, nausea, fatigue, stomach cramps, diarrhea, diffi culty breathing, chest pain, sweating, pin-point pupils, tearing, salivation, clear nasal discharge and spu- tum, vomiting, muscle twitching, muscle weakness, and in severe poisonings, convulsions, respiratory depression, coma, and death. Acephate causes cholinesterase inhibition lead- ing to overstimulation, respiratory paralysis, and death.

Сельскохозяйственное использование

Insecticide: Acephate is a general use contact and systemic insecticide. Not approved for use in EU countries. Actively registered in the U.S., homeowner use for lawns is discontinued except for treatment of fire ant mounds. Other indoor treatment has been discontinued. Used on green and lima beans, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, celery, cotton, cottonseed, cranberries, head lettuce, macadamia nuts, peanuts, bell-and non-bell peppers, peppermint, spearmint, tobacco, and soybeans (Special Local Need Registration required in Mississippi and Texas only). Also used to control cockroach (spot treatment only) in residential and industrial buildings and insect control in forests, and on ornamental plants and to target armyworms, aphids, beetles, bollworms, borers, budworms, cankerworms, crickets, cutworms, fire ants, fleas, grasshoppers, leafhoppers, loopers, mealybugs, mites, moths, roaches, spiders, thirps, wasps, weevils, whiteflies, etc.

Торговое название

ACECAP SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE IMPLANTS®; ACEFAL 75 PS®; ACEHERO®; ACEPHATE 97 EG®; ACEPHATE 75SP®; ACEPHATE PCO SP INSECTICIDE®; ACESUL®; ACE-TOX®; ACHERO®; ACIFAT®; ADDRESS®; AIMTHENE®; AMCOTHENE®; ASATAF®; ASIFY®; ATTACK®; CHEVRON RE 12420®; CLEAN CROP ACEPHATE 80 DF SEED PROTECTORANT®; DREXEL ACEPHATE 75 WSP®; DREXEL ACEPHATE PCO SP INSECTICIDE®; FATEL®; FORPHATE®, FORWARD®; KITRON®; KORANDA® (acephate + fenvelerate); LANCER®; ORCEPHATE®; ORTHENE®; ORTHENE 755®; Acephate 3 ORTHO 12420®; ORTRAN®; ORTRIL®; PACE®; PAYLOAD®; PILARTHENE®; PINPOINT®; PRECISE ACEPHATE®; RACET®; RE 12420®; SAPHATE®; 75 SP®; VALENT ORTHENE TECHNICAL®; VEGFRU TARGET®

Биологическая активность

Anticholinesterase insecticide that produces cholinotoxicity. Displays weak inhibition of rat acetylcholinesterase (AChE) but potently inhibits cockroach AChE.

Профиль безопасности

Poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by skin contact and inhalation. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx, POx, and SOx. See also ESTERS.

Возможный контакт

Acephate is a general use contact and systemic insecticide. Banned in the EU for use as a biocide and agricultural insecticide. Used on green- and limabeans, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, celery, cotton, cottonseed, cranberries, head lettuce, macadamia nuts, peanuts, bell-and nonbell peppers, peppermint, spearmint, tobacco, and soybeans (Special Local Need Registration required in Mississippi and Texas only). Also used to control cockroach (spot treatment only) in residential and industrial buildings and insect control in forests, and on ornamental plants and to target armyworms, aphids, beetles, bollworms, borers, budworms, cankerworms, crickets, cutworms, fire ants, fleas, grasshoppers, leafhoppers, loopers, mealybugs, mites, moths, roaches, spiders, thirps, wasps, weevils, whiteflies, etc. banned for use in the EU.

Канцерогенность

Acephate showed no evidence of carcinogenicity among rats given diets with 0, 5, 50, or 700 ppm (equivalent to about 0, 0.25, 2.5, and 35.0 mg/kg/ day, respectively) for 28 months .

Экологическая судьба

Soil. In aerobic and anaerobic soils, methamidophos and carbon dioxide were identified as the major soil metabolites (Hartley and Kidd, 1987). The estimated half-life in soil is 3 days (Wauchope, 1988)
Plant. Acephate is quickly absorbed, translocated and transformed in pine seedlings (Werner, 1974) and cotton plants (Bull, 1979). The chemical was metabolized via cleavage of the amide bond to form methamidophos (O,S-dimethyl phosphoramidothioat
Chemical/Physical. Emits toxic fumes of phosphorus, nitrogen and sulfur oxides when heated to decomposition (Sax and Lewis, 1987)

Метаболический путь

Acephate is a systemic insecticide with a very favourable mammalian toxicity. The initial reaction of the biotransformation of acephate is by hydrolysis to the active acetylcholinesterase inlubitor methamidophos. In every case where the metabolism of acephate has been studied in biological systems, the production of methamidophos has been demonstrated; however, the amount of this presumed active metabolite varies greatly from organism to organism. In mammals, which are relatively insensitive to the insecticide, the primary route of stage I metabolism is mainly degradative via O-demethylation to give des-O-methylacephate. Further metabolism in mammals and birds leads to incorporation of the molecule into proteins, carbohydrates and lipids as well as to excretion. Conjugates have not been identified.

Перевозки

UN2783 Organophosphorus pesticides, solid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials. UN3018 Organophosphorus pesticides, liquid, toxic, Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous material

Несовместимости

May react with strong oxidizers such as chlorates, peroxides, nitrates, etc. In the presence of strong reducing agents such as hydrides, organophosphates form highly toxic and flammable phosphine gas. Contact with oxidizers can cause the release of toxic oxides of phosphorus. Compounds of the carboxyl group react with all bases, both inorganic and organic (i.e., amines) releasing substantial heat, water, and a salt that may be harmful. Incompatible with arsenic compounds(releases hydrogen cyanide gas), diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides (releasing heat, toxic and possibly flammable gases), thiosulfates and dithionites (releasing hydrogen sulfate and oxides of sulfur).

Утилизация отходов

Alkaline hydrolysis or incineration. In accordance with 40CFR165, follow recommendations for the disposal of pesticides and pesticide containers. Containers must be disposed of properly by following package label directions or by contacting your local or federal environmental control agency, or by contacting your regional EPA office.