Amelioration of cytotoxicity induced by high glucose by Sodium pyruvate

Introduction of Sodium pyruvate

Sodium pyruvate is an organic sodium salt. It is a natural intermediate product produced during cellular metabolism and is commonly used in buffer solution media for biochemical applications. In cell culture methods, it is commonly added to cell culture media as a carbon source, which can lead to faster cell growth. However, it is not a necessary supplement for all cell cultures. If cells are already growing in media supplemented with sodium pyruvate, it can continue to be used. And the concentration of sodium pyruvate used in most cell culture media is 1 mM. The ability of sodium pyruvate to maintain mitochondrial oxidative ATP production capacity in vitro has been suggested as a potential agent for the treatment of pancreatitis. It contains pyruvate. Pyruvate, the central metabolite of glycolysis, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Effect of Sodium pyruvate under high sugar condition

Sodium pyruvate increases the cytotoxicity of S. aureus to human erythrocytes and neutrophils

S. aureus strain BAA-1717 was first grown in a CDM medium without carbon sources under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions, and sodium pyruvate was added as the only carbon source available to the bacteria. The growth of S. aureus was significantly increased by sodium pyruvate under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions, with a higher tendency observed under aerobic conditions. The growth of S. aureus in LB medium was unaffected by sodium pyruvate under both anaerobic and aerobic conditions. However, the cytotoxicity of S. aureus CFCM to human erythrocytes and neutrophils was significantly increased by sodium pyruvate under aerobic conditions, which remained extremely low under anaerobic conditions. These data indicate that sodium pyruvate increases the cytotoxicity of S. aureus under aerobic conditions in vitro.

Sodium pyruvate restores the reduced cytotoxicity of S. aureus under high glucose conditions

S. aureus strain BAA-1717 was firstly grown in CDM medium with high glucose and sodium pyruvate, and found that the pigment formation was significantly increased in the CDM-P culture after being cultured for 48 h, but no significant difference was observed between CDM-G and CDM-GP cultures. The hemolytic activity of S. aureus remained extremely low in CDM, CDM-G, and CDM-GP cultures, but was higher in CDM-P cultures. As the culture time increased to 48 h, the pigment formation and hemolytic activity of S. aureus grown in LB-GP medium was greatly increased and restored to the levels of LB and LB-P cultures. These data indicate that the reduced hemolytic activity and pigment formation of S. aureus under high glucose conditions is restored by sodium pyruvate.

Sodium pyruvate restores cytotoxicity by up-regulating the expression of sarA

Pyruvate has been shown to induce the production of extracellular proteins and virulence factors, such as Panton-Valentine Leucocidin (PVL), resulting in increased virulence of S. However, the cytotoxicity of LB culture CFCM to human neutrophils was unaffected when pre-incubated with the CFCM of LB-G or LB-GP cultures. These data indicate that high levels of extracellular proteases are present in the CFCM of LB-G cultures, which degrade the hemolytic factors of S. aureus. Previous studies have shown that the production of extracellular proteases is negatively regulated by sarAaureus. Therefore, sodium pyruvate reduces the production of extracellular protease, leading to restoring the reduced cytotoxicity of S. aureus under high glucose conditions.

References:

[1] TI CHEN. Role of sodium pyruvate in maintaining the survival and cytotoxicity of Staphylococcus aureus under high glucose conditions.[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2023, 14: 1209358. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1209358.

[2] WANG G, WEI C, HONG X, et al. Sodium pyruvate as a peroxide scavenger in aerobic oxidation under carbene catalysis†[J]. Green Chemistry, 2020, 20: 6819-6826. DOI:10.1039/D0GC02555K.

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