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Geraniol

Description References

Geraniol

CAS No.106-24-1
Chemical Name:Geraniol
CBNumber:CB1275768
Molecular Formula:C10H18O
Formula Weight:154.25
MOL File:106-24-1.mol

Geraniol Property

Melting point -15 °C
Boiling point 229-230 °C (lit.)
Density 0.879 g/mL at 20 °C (lit.)
vapor density 5.31 (vs air)
vapor pressure ~0.2 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
FEMA 2507 | GERANIOL
refractive index n20/D 1.474(lit.)
Flash point 216 °F
storage temp. 2-8°C
solubility water: soluble0.1g/L at 25°C
form Liquid
pka 14.45±0.10(Predicted)
Specific Gravity 0.878～0.885 (20/4℃)
color Clear colorless to pale yellow
Odor at 100.00 %. sweet floral fruity rose waxy citrus
Odor Type floral
biological source synthetic
Water Solubility PRACTICALLY INSOLUBLE
Merck 14,4403
JECFA Number 1223
BRN 1722456
Stability Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey GLZPCOQZEFWAFX-JXMROGBWSA-N
LogP 2.6 at 25℃
Substances Added to Food (formerly EAFUS) GERANIOL
FDA 21 CFR 182.60
CAS DataBase Reference 106-24-1(CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores 4-7
FDA UNII L837108USY
NIST Chemistry Reference 2,6-Octadien-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, (E)-(106-24-1)
EPA Substance Registry System trans-Geraniol (106-24-1)
UNSPSC Code 85151701
NACRES NA.24

Safety

Hazard Codes :Xi
Risk Statements :36/37/38-43-41-36-52/53-38
Safety Statements :26-36-24/25-36/37-61-36/37/39
RIDADR :UN1230 - class 3 - PG 2 - Methanol, solution
WGK Germany :1
RTECS :RG5830000
Hazard Note :Irritant
TSCA :Yes
HS Code :29052900
Hazardous Substances Data :106-24-1(Hazardous Substances Data)
Toxicity :The acute oral LD₅₀ value in rats was reported as 3.6 g/kg (Jenner, Hagan, Taylor, Cook & Fitzhugh, 1964) and as 4.8 g/kg, while the iv UD 50 in rabbits was reported as 50 mg/kg (Yamawkai, 1962). The acute dermal LD₅₀ value in rabbits was reported as > 5 g/kg (Moreno, 1972).

NFPA 704:

	1
2		0

Hazard and Precautionary Statements (GHS)

Symbol(GHS)
Signal wordDanger
Hazard statements H315-H317-H318
Precautionary statements P261-P264-P272-P280-P302+P352-P305+P351+P338

Geraniol Price More Price(18)

Brand: Sigma-Aldrich(India)
Product number: W250716
Product name : Geraniol
Purity: natural, ≥97%, FG
Packaging: 1SAMPLE-K
Price: ₹5347.55
Updated: 2022/06/14
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Brand: Sigma-Aldrich(India)
Product number: W250716
Product name : Geraniol
Purity: natural, ≥97%, FG
Packaging: 1KG
Price: ₹16670.5
Updated: 2022/06/14
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Brand: Sigma-Aldrich(India)
Product number: W250716
Product name : Geraniol
Purity: natural, ≥97%, FG
Packaging: 4KG
Price: ₹59277.7
Updated: 2022/06/14
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Brand: Sigma-Aldrich(India)
Product number: W250716
Product name : Geraniol
Purity: natural, ≥97%, FG
Packaging: 9KG
Price: ₹127247.88
Updated: 2022/06/14
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Brand: Sigma-Aldrich(India)
Product number: W250708
Product name : Geraniol
Purity: ≥97%, FCC, FG
Packaging: 1SAMPLE-K
Price: ₹5141.88
Updated: 2022/06/14
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Geraniol Chemical Properties,Usage,Production

Description Geraniol is a kind of monoterpenoid as well as alcohol. It is mainly existed in plant oils such as rose oil, palmarosa oil, and citronella oil. It can also be found in plants such as geraniums and lemongrass. It has a rose-like scent and is therefore used in perfumes as well as many kinds of flavors such as peach, raspberry, grapefruit, red apple, plum, lime, orange, lemon, and blueberry. Another major application of geraniol is being used as an effective plant-based insect repellent for treatment of mosquitoes, house flies, stable flies, cockroaches, fire ants, fleas and lone star ticks. On the other hand, its scent can also attract bees.
References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraniol https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/geraniol#section=Top
Description Geraniol has a characteristic rose-like odor. Geraniol may be prepared by fractional distillation from those essential oils rich in geraniol, or synthetically from myrcene; commercial geraniol cannot be classified according to its alcohol content, as most of the recurring impurities are alcoholic in nature (nerol, citronellol, tetrahydrogeraniol). Gas-chromatography techniques may be usefully employed to determine the geraniol content in a product.
Chemical Properties Geraniol occurs in nearly all terpene-containing essential oils, frequently as an ester. Palmarosa oil contains 70–85% geraniol; geranium oils and rose oils also contain large quantities. Geraniol is a colorless liquid, with a floral, rose-like odor.
Since geraniol is an acyclic, doubly unsaturated alcohol, it can undergo a number of reactions, such as rearrangement and cyclization. Rearrangement in the presence of copper catalysts yields citronellal. In the presence of mineral acids, it cyclizes to form monocyclic terpene hydrocarbons, cyclogeraniol being obtained if the hydroxy function is protected. Partial hydrogenation leads to citronellol, and complete hydrogenation of the double bonds yields 3,7-dimethyloctan-l-ol (tetrahydrogeraniol). Citral may be obtained from geraniol by oxidation or by catalytic dehydrogenation. Geranyl esters are prepared by esterification.
Geraniol is one of the most frequently used terpenoid fragrance materials. It can be used in all floral, rose-like compositions and does not discolor soaps. In flavor compositions, geraniol is used in small quantities to accentuate citrus notes. It is an important intermediate in the manufacture of geranyl esters, citronellol, and citral.
Chemical Properties colourless to pale yellow liquid with an odour of roses
Chemical Properties Geraniol has a characteristic rose-like odor The physical constants vary for the various commercial products, depending on the total geraniol content; specifc gravity and refractive index may be indicative of the purity of the product Commercial geraniol cannot be classifed according to its alcohol content, as most of the recurring impurities are alcoholic in nature (nerol, citronellol, tetrahydrogeraniol) Gas chromatography techniques may be usefully employed to determine the gera- niol content in a product.
Occurrence The presence of geraniol in nature has been reported in more than 160 essential oils: ginger grass, lemongrass, Ceylon and Java citronella, tuberose, oak musk, orris, champaca, ylang-ylang, mace, nutmeg, sassafras, Cayenne Bois-de-Rose, Acacia farnesiana, geramium clary sage, spike, lavandin, lavender, jasmine, coriander, carrot, myrrh, eucalyptus, lime, mandarin petitgrain, bergamot petitgrain, bergamot, lemon, orange and others The essential oils of palmarosa and Cymbopogon winterianus contain the highest levels of geraniol (approx 80 to 95%) Also reported in numerous other sources including apple juice, citrus peel oils and juices, bilberry, cranberry, other berries, guava, papaya, cinnamon, ginger, corn mint oil, mustard, nutmeg, mace, milk, coffee, tea, whiskey, honey, passion fruit, plums, mushrooms, mango, starfruit, cardamom, coriander leaf and seeds, litchi, Ocimum basilicum, myrtle leaf, rosemary, clary sage, Spanish sage and chamomile oil
Uses geraniol is perfuming and with tonic properties. It is a primary constituent in many essential oils, including citronella, lavender, lemongrass, orange flower, and ylang-ylang.
Uses Geraniol was used in field evaluation of synthetic herbivore-induced plant volatiles as attractants to beneficial insects.It was used to evaluate the tumor-suppressive potency of isoprenoids in vitro and in vivo.
Uses Geraniol is used in the synthesis of insect repellant. It is also used in the synthesis of Angelicoin A and Herecinone J, which inhibit collagen-induced platelet aggregation.
Preparation A convenient route for the production of geraniol and nerol consists of the hydrogenation of citral, which is used in large quantities as an intermediate in the synthesis of vitamin A. Large-scale processes have, therefore, been developed for producing geraniol. Currently, these are far more important than isolation from essential oils. Nevertheless, some geraniol is still isolated from essential oils for perfumery purposes.
1) Isolation from essential oils: Geraniol is isolated from citronella oils and from palmarosa oil. Fractional distillation of, for example, Java citronella oil (if necessary, after saponification of the esters present) yields a fraction containing about 60% geraniol, as well as citronellol and sesquiterpenes. Aproductwith a higher geraniol content and slightly different odor quality for use in fine fragrances is obtained by fractionating palmarosa oil after saponification of the geranyl esters.
2) Synthesis from β-pinene: Pyrolysis of β-pinene yields myrcene, which is converted into a mixture of predominantly geranyl, neryl, and linalyl chloride by addition of hydrogen chloride in the presence of small amounts of catalyst, for example, copper(I) chloride and an organic quaternary ammonium salt. After removal of the catalyst, the mixture is reacted with sodium acetate in the presence of a nitrogen base (e.g., triethylamine) and converted to geranyl acetate, neryl acetate, and a small amount of linalyl acetate.
Geraniol is obtained after saponification and fractional distillation of the resulting alcohols. 3) Synthesis from linalool: A 96% pure synthetic geraniol prepared by isomerization of linalool has become commercially available. Orthovanadates are used as catalysts, to give a >90% yield of a geraniol–nerol mixture. Geraniol of high purity is finally obtained by fractional distillation. A considerable portion of commercially available geraniol is produced by a modified process: linalool obtained in a purity of about 65% from α-pinene is converted into linalyl borates, which rearrange in the presence of vanadates as catalysts to give geranyl and neryl borates. The alcohols are obtained by hydrolysis of the esters.
4) Synthesis from citral: Citral has very recently come to be produced petrochemically in very large quantities, so partial hydrogenation of citral has become a very economical route for the production of geraniol. A high selectivity for this reaction can be achieved by the use of special catalysts [106] or by special reaction techniques.
Definition ChEBI: A monoterpenoid consisting of two prenyl units linked head-to-tail and functionalised with a hydroxy group at its tail end.
Aroma threshold values Detection: 4 to 75 ppb.
Taste threshold values Taste characteristics at 10 ppm: sweet foral rose, citrus with fruity, waxy nuances.
General Description Colorless to pale yellow oily liquid with a sweet rose odor.
Reactivity Profile An unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon and an alcohol. Flammable and/or toxic gases are generated by the combination of alcohols with alkali metals, nitrides, and strong reducing agents. They react with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water. Oxidizing agents convert them to aldehydes or ketones. Alcohols exhibit both weak acid and weak base behavior. They may initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides.
Flammability and Explosibility Non flammable
Anticancer Research Starting from antitumor activity against several cell lines by an arrest occurring atthe G0/G1 cell cycle and ultimately with an increase of apoptosis, this molecule wasfound to interfere with the mevalonic cycle enzyme. Suppression of prenylation ofproteins leads to the inhibition of DNA synthesis, and the suppression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) leads to a reduction of the mevalonate pool andthus limits protein isoprenylation. In the same way, a reduction of cholesterol biodisponibilitywas controlled (Pattanayak et al. 2009; Ni et al. 2012; Dahham et al.2016).
Safety Profile Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by ingestion, subcutaneous, and intramuscular routes. A severe human skin irritant. Combustible liquid. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Synthesis By fractional distillation from those essential oils rich in geraniol, or synthetically from myrcene.
Metabolism Geraniol is metabolized in the rabbit by ω-oxidation and by reduction of an α β-unsaturated bond (Parke, 1968). The products of geraniol metabolism are 'Hildebrandt acid' and 7-carboxy-3-methylocta-6-enoic acid. The latter acid is optically active (Williams, 1959).
Purification Methods Purify geraniol by ascending chromatography or by thin layer chromatography on plates of kieselguhr G with acetone/water/liquid paraffin (130:70:1) as solvent system. Hexane/ethyl acetate (1:4) is also suitable. Also purify it by GLC on a silicone-treated column of Carbowax 20M (10%) on Chromosorb W (60-80 mesh). [Porter Pure Appl Chem 20 499 1969.] Store it in full, tightly sealed containers in the cool and protect from light. It has a pleasant odour. [cf p 681, Beilstein 1 IV 2277.]