Description
Bilirubin is a yellow breakdown product of heme catabolism, formed when heme is cleaved by heme oxygenase. This reaction produces carbon monoxide and biliverdin, which is rapidly reduced to bilirubin by biliverdin reductase. Bilirubin has key roles as a free radical scavenger with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions. Free and albumin-bound bilirubin can also scavenge nitric oxide (NO) and NO-related species. Unconjugated bilirubin is highly water-insoluble and must be conjugated with glucuronides to become water soluble and subsequently excreted by the liver and kidney.
Chemical Properties
Light Orange to Deep Redish-Brown Crystalline Solid
Uses
Bilirubin has been used:
- in phantom preparation
- in in vitro experiments
- in the preparation of bilirubin solutions for infusion
Uses
Principal pigment of bile and constituent of many biliary calculi
Uses
Bilirubin is widely utilized to monitor the liver function and their disease, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis; or the effects of medicines which are damage the liver. It acts as a pigment in certain algae to capture light energy. Its double bonds are isomerizes in the presence of light, which is employed in phototherapy of jaundiced newborns babies. It is used to detect the blocking in bile ducts.
Definition
Red coloring matter of bile. Also occurs in blood serum as decomposition product of hemoglobin.
General Description
Bilirubin, a heme catabolism end-product is produced by the reduction of its metabolic precursor biliverdin by the action of enzyme biliverdin reductase.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Bilirubin is an active oxidative DNA cleaving agent as well as an effective antioxidant agent, a hydroxyl radical quencher. This bile pigment has both antioxidant and toxic properties. It is a natural inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation (VSMCs). It displays anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties when used as a therapeutic agent in lung/vascular diseases. Serum bilirubin concentration slightly above the normal levels have shown a lesser incidence of heart disease. It is a potential therapeutic agent in heart transplantation and T-cell mediated immune disorders.
Purification Methods
An acyclic tetrapyrrole bile pigment with impurities which can be eliminated by successive Soxhlet extraction with diethyl ether and MeOH. It crystallises from CHCl3 as deep red-brown rhombs, plates or orange-red prisms from chlorobenzene (m 330o dec) and is dried to constant weight at 80o under vacuum. [Gray et al. J Chem Soc 2264, 2276 1961, Beilstein 26 III/IV 3268.]
References
[1] DAVID G LEVITT Michael D L. Quantitative assessment of the multiple processes responsible for bilirubin homeostasis in health and disease.[J]. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology, 2014, 7: 307-328. DOI:
10.2147/ceg.s64283
