Description
Metyrapone (54-36-4) inhibits cytochrome P450-mediated prostaglandin omega hydroxylation. Inhibits steroid 11β-hydroxylase thereby inhibiting cortisol biosynthesis.
Originator
Metopirone,Ciba,US,1961
Uses
Diagnostic aid (pituitary function);steroid 11?-hydroxylase inhibitor
Uses
Metyrapone acts as a glucocorticoid synthesis inhibitor, maintaining stress-hormone levels.
Definition
ChEBI: Metyrapone is an aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. It has a role as a diagnostic agent, an antimetabolite and an EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor.
Manufacturing Process
According to US Patent 2,966,493, the 2,3-bis-(3-pyridyl)-2,3-butanediol used
as the starting material may be prepared as follows. A solution of 1,430 g of
3-acetyl-pyridine in 7,042 ml of a 1 N aqueous solution of potassium
hydroxide is placed into a cathode chamber containing a mercury cathode with
a surface of 353 cm2 and is separated from an anode chamber by an Alundum
membrane. As anode a platinum wire is used and the anolyte consists of a 1
N solution of aqueous potassium hydroxide which is replenished from time to
time.
The electrolysis is carried out at a reference potential of -2.4 volts vs a
standard calomel electrode. An initial current density of 0.0403 amp/cm2 is
obtained which drops to 0.0195 amp/cm2 at the end of the reduction, which is
carried on over a period of 1,682 minutes at 15° to 20°C. The catholyte is
filtered, the solid material is washed with water and dried. 430 g of the 2,3-
bis-(3-pyridyl)-butane-2,3-diol is recrystallized from water, MP 244° to 245°C.
A mixture of 3.43 g of 2,3-bis-(3-pyridyl)-2,3-butane-diol and 25 ml of
concentrated sulfuric acid is heated to 76°C and kept at that temperature for
7? hours. It is then poured on ice, neutralized with 50% aqueous solution of
sodium hydroxide and the pH is adjusted to 8 with solid sodium carbonate.
The aqueous solution is three times extracted with ethyl acetate, the
separated organic layer dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to dryness.
The residue is distilled and 1.86 g of viscous, colorless oil is obtained which is
purified by distillation. BP 140° to 160°C/0.07 mm. The infrared spectrum
shows the presence of a mixture of two compounds, one containing a
conjugated, the other one an unconjugated carbonyl group, without the
presence of a compound containing a hydroxyl group; thus the rearrangement
has taken place.
The resulting mixture does not crystalize and is converted into a mixture of
oximes by treatment of a solution of the mixture in 20 ml of ethanol with a
solution of 1.8 g of hydroxylamine sulfate in 3 ml of water. 1.8 g of sodium
acetate in 5 ml of water is added, and the mixture is refluxed for 5 hours,
then extracted with ethyl acetate, and the ethyl acetate solution is washed
with a saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried over sodium
sulfate. After evaporating the solvent, the residue is triturated with warm
ether and 1.1 g of a crystalline oxime is obtained, MP 168° to 171°C.
0.1 g of the resulting oxime is dissolved in 5 ml of 2 N aqueous sulfuric acid
and the mixture is refluxed for 3 hours and allowed to stand overnight. After
being rendered basic by adding a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide and adjusted to a pH of 8 with sodium carbonate, the mixture is
extracted 3 times with ethyl acetate; the organic layer is washed with water,
dried and evaporated. Upon distillation of the residue an oily product is
obtained, BP 130° to 160°C/0.3 mm. Infrared analysis shows the presence of
a uniform compound, containing a conjugated carbonyl group. The 2-methyl-
1,2-bis-(3-pyridyl)-propane-1-one crystallizes upon standing at room
temperature or by covering the oily distillate with pentane and cooling to -
80°C and filtering the oily crystals. It melts after recrystallization from a
mixture of ether, hexane and petroleum ether at 48° to 50°C.
brand name
Metopirone Ditartrate (Ciba-Geigy).
Therapeutic Function
Diagnostic aid (pituitary function)
Biological Activity
Cytochrome P450 inhibitor. Blocks glucocorticoid synthesis via inhibition of steroid 11- β hydroxylase (CYP11B1) activity (IC 50 = 7.83 μ M). Also inhibits CYP3A4 and cytochrome P450-mediated ω / ω -1 hydroxylase activity.
Mechanism of action
Metyrapone (Metopirone) produces its primary pharmacological
effect by inhibiting 11-β-hydroxylase,
thereby causing diminished production and release of
cortisol. The resulting reduction in the negative feedback
of cortisol on the hypothalamus and pituitary
causes an increase in corticotrophin release and in the
secretion of precursor 11-deoxysteroids.
Clinical Use
Metyrapone is used in the differential diagnosis of both
adrenocortical insufficiency and Cushing’s syndrome
(hypercortisolism). The drug tests the functional competence
of the hypothalamic–pituitary axis when the
adrenals are able to respond to corticotrophin; that is,
when primary adrenal insufficiency has been ruled out.
After metyrapone administration, a patient with a
disease of pituitary origin cannot achieve a compensatory
increase in the urinary excretion of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids
or 11-deoxysteroids. Moreover, if pituitary
corticotrophin is suppressed by an autonomously secreting
adrenal carcinoma, there will be no increase in response
to metyrapone. On the other hand, if pituitary
corticotrophin secretion is maintained, as occurs in adrenal
hyperplasia, the inhibition of corticoid synthesis produced
by metyrapone will stimulate corticotrophin secretion
and the release of metabolites of precursor urinary
steroids, which can be measured as 17-hydroxycorticosteroids.
Metyrapone is now used less frequently in the
differential diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome because of
the ability to measure plasma corticotrophin directly.
The steroid-inhibiting properties of metyrapone
have also been used in the treatment of Cushing’s syndrome,
and it remains one of the more effective drugs
used to treat this syndrome. However, the compensatory
rise in corticotrophin levels in response to falling
cortisol levels tends to maintain adrenal activity.This requires
that glucocorticoids be administered concomitantly
to suppress hypothalamic–pituitary activity.
Although metyrapone interferes with 11β- and 18-
hydroxylation reactions and thereby inhibits aldosterone
synthesis, it may not cause mineralocorticoid deficiency
because of the compensatory increased production
of 11-desoxycorticosterone.
Side effects
Side effects associated with the use of metyrapone include
gastrointestinal distress, dizziness, headache, sedation,
and allergic rash. The drug should not be used in
cases of adrenocortical insufficiency or when hypersensitivity
reactions can be expected. When administered
to pregnant women during the second or third trimesters,
the drug may impair steroid biosynthesis in the
fetus. Because metyrapone is relatively nontoxic, it is
used in combination therapy with the more toxic aminoglutethimide
to reduce its dosage.
