61-25-6

White powder. pH (0.05 molar solution) 3.9. pH (2% aqueous solution) 3.3.

This material is sensitive to light. .

Water soluble.

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include sleepiness, slowed respiration and slowed heart beat.

Flash point data for this compound are not available, but PAPAVERINE HYDROCHLORIDE(61-25-6) is probably combustible.

Papaverine mainly exists in the mature capsule shell of Papaveraceae poppy (Papaver somniferum L). Opium poppy shell is proved to be poisonous and contains more than 30 kinds of alkaloids including morphine, codeine, narcotine, and papaverine, the content of which varies greatly between different habitats and batches. The main effects of papaverine are astringing the lung and intestine and relieving the pain. The usage of opium poppy shell as medicine was recorded in the Compendium of Materia Medica, Ben Cao Jing Shu, and Materia Medica of Seeking Truth. Opium poppy shell can also be used for the treatment of chronic cough, diarrhea, archoptosis, and abdominal pain, but the long-term usage turns out to be addictive easily.
As an annual or biennial herb, the cultivation of opium poppy requires certain climate and regional conditions, generally in the altitude of 900–1300?m. Opium poppy is native in Asia Minor, India, Armenia, and Iran, and Afghanistan is the largest origin of poppy flower in the world. In China, there is only a small amount of cultivation of opium poppy for medicinal research in the herbal plantation.
Considering the low content and the low production rate of papaverine in the opium poppy, the supply of papaverine by extracting from opium poppy can hardly meet the clinical demand. To this end, the artificial synthesis of papaverine was explored since 1909 , and Chinese established the synthetic method of papaverine hydrochloride by using guaiacol as starting material in the 1980s .

PAPAVERINE HYDROCHLORIDE is Crystalline Solid

Appearance: colorless prismatic or acicular crystal. Melting point: 147–148? °C. Relative density: 1.337 (20/4?°C). Solubility: very soluble in benzene, acetone, hot ethanol, and glacial acetic acid; soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid; slightly soluble in ether, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride; and insoluble in water. The common crystalline salt is hydrochloride salt, papaverine hydrochloride.

Human beings have a long history of using opium poppy as food and narcotics, which can be dated back to the Neolithic age. The opium, which is the dried product of the opium poppy juice, is widely used as analgesics in the old and new civilizations of the old continent except the Chinese civilization.
In 1848, German chemist Georg Merck successfully isolated a new alkaloid from the opium liquor for the first time and named it as “papaverine” . He also determined the correct molecular formula of papaverine as C20 H21NO4 and prepared the papaverine hydrochloride and nitrate by recrystallization method. Then, Goldschmiedt et?al. put forward the molecular structure of papaverine by studying its oxidation products in 1883 and determined the isoquinoline ring as the core structure of papaverine in 1888 .
Since the content of papaverine in plants is very low (less than 1%) and can hardly meet the clinical needs, so Pictet and Gams proposed a synthetic method of papaverine in 1909, which makes the large-scale industrialized production of papaverine possible .
Study on the pharmacology of papaverine was first published in 1914 by Professor Pal of Vienna, who found that papaverine possessed smooth muscle relaxation effect without causing smooth muscle paralysis and can be used for the treatment of hypertension, angina, and acute uremia .

Anti-spasmodic, The treatment of erectile dysfunction

Smooth muscle relaxant found in opium. Vasodilator (cerebral)

Vasodilator;Phosphodiesterase inhibitor

Papaverine is mainly used for the treatment of ischemia caused by cerebral, cardiac, and peripheral vascular spasm, as well as visceral spasm of the kidney, gallbladder, or gastrointestinal tract.

Pavabid (Hoechst Marion Roussel).

Papaverine is originally used to resolve male impotence.

As a vasodilator, papaverine is a nonspecific antispasmodic drug of smooth muscle, which is especially effective on pulmonary artery, coronary artery, and great vessels, producing systemic and nonspecific hypotensive and smooth muscle relaxation effect. Papaverine has a direct effect on the smooth muscle cells by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, thus increasing the intracellular concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), which further removes the catalase calcium from cytoplasmic of vascular smooth muscle, leading to the direct smooth muscle relaxation without nerve. Papaverine can also inhibit the cardiac conduction, directly act on myocardial cells, and prolong the refractory period. No effect of papaverine on the central nervous system has been found. High dose of papaverine can cause hypotension and tachycardia.

Papaverine hydrochloride is used for the treatment of ischemia induced by brain, heart, and peripheral vascular spasm, as well as visceral spasm of the kidney, bladder, or gastrointestinal tract. Besides, papaverine is also suitable for angina and arterial embolism, occasionally used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction. In recent years, papaverine hydrochloride also combines with other drugs like nimodipine to treat the vasospasm and crisis triggered by subarachnoid hemorrhage and calculi-induced acute renal colic. The main adverse effects of papaverine include liver function damage, exaggerated respiration induced by rapid parenteral administration, facial flushing, heart rate acceleration, as well as hypotension with vertigo. In addition, overdose of papaverine can lead to blurred vision, diplopia, lethargy, and weakness.

Recrystallise it from H2O. It sublimes at 140o/0.1mm. Its solubility in H2O is 5%. [Saunders & Srivastava J Pharm Pharmacol 3 78 1951, Biggs Trans Faraday Soc 50 800 1954.] The free base has m 148-150o, The picrate has m 186-189o(dec, 186-186.5o(dec) [Bobbitt J Org Chem 22 1729 1957]. [Beilstein 21 II 202, 21 III/IV 2788, 21/6 V 182.]