21668-81-5

White crystalline powder

Research has shown that 3-S-Isothiuronium propyl sulfonate(UPS)improves bath stability and increases the reaction activation energy. At lower concentration, UPS is an effective accelerator for EN deposition; whereas, at higher concentration, it decreases deposition rate. Moreover, UPS decreases the phosphorus content in Ni-P deposit and can be adsorbed on the deposit surface and compound with Ni2+.

quadrupole: A set of four pointcharges that has zero net charge anddipole moment. An example of aquadrupole is a carbon dioxide (CO₂)molecule. Quadrupole interactionsare much smaller than dipole interactions.Transitions involvingquadrupole moments are muchweaker than transitions involving dipolemoments, but can allow transitionsforbidden in dipole momenttransitions.