1,3-БУТАНДИОЛ

Химические свойства

colourless liquid

Использование

1,3-Butanediol is used in the synthesis of colchicine derivatives as anticancer agents. Also used in the synthesis of dual peroxisome proliferator-activated gamma and delta agonists acting as euglycem ic agents in the treatment of diabetes.

Определение

ChEBI: A butanediol compound having two hydroxy groups in the 1- and 3-positions.

Подготовка

From formaldehyde and propylene via pressure and a catalyst.

Методы производства

Butylene glycol is prepared by catalytic hydrogenation of aldol using Raney nickel.

Общее описание

(±)-1,3-Butanediol (BD) is a 1,3-diol. Its vapor pressure upto 270kPa, liquid-phase densities over a temperature range, two-phase (liquid + vapor) heat capacities, critical temperature and critical density have been determined. The obtained data was employed to derive various thermophysical properties.

Фармацевтические приложения

Butylene glycol is used as a solvent and cosolvent for injectables. It is used in topical ointments, creams, and lotions, and it is also used as a vehicle in transdermal patches. Butylene glycol is a good solvent for many pharmaceuticals, especially estrogenic substances.
In an oil-in-water emulsion, butylene glycol exerts its best antimicrobial effects at ～8% concentration. Higher concentrations above 16.7% are required to inhibit fungal growth.

Контактные аллергены

This dihydric alcohol is used for its humectant and preservative potentiator properties in cosmetics, topical medicaments and polyurethane, polyester, cellophane, and cigarettes. It has similar properties, but is less irritant than propylene glycol. Contact allergies seem to be rare.

Побочные эффекты

1,3-Butanediol is commonly used as a solvent in food flavourings and is mildly toxic by oral and subcutaneous routes, with possible side effects including severe respiratory problems, coma, amnesia, belligerence, confusion, agitation, vomiting, seizures and very slow heartbeat. People who use butylene glycol on a regular basis and then stop using it may also experience withdrawal symptoms such as sleep problems (insomnia), tremors and anxiety.

Профиль безопасности

Mdly toxic by ingestion and subcutaneous routes. A skin and eye irritant. See also ETHYLENE GLYCOL. Experimental reproductive effects. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. Incompatible with oxidizing materials. To fight fire, use foam, alcohol foam, CO2, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Безопасность

Butylene glycol is used in a wide variety of cosmetic formulations and is generally regarded as a relatively nontoxic material. It is mildly toxic by oral and subcutaneous routes.
In topical preparations, butylene glycol is regarded as minimally irritant. Butylene glycol can cause allergic contact dermatitis, with local sensitivity reported in patch tests. Some local irritation is produced on eye contact.
LD₅₀ (guinea pig, oral): 11.0 g/kg
LD₅₀ (mouse, oral): 12.98 g/kg
LD₅₀ (rat, oral): 18.61 g/kg
LD₅₀ (rat, SC): 20.0 g/kg

Канцерогенность

There were no tumors found in the 2-year feeding studies on dogs and rats . Thus, it appears that 1,3-butanediol is not carcinogenic.

хранилище

Butylene glycol is hygroscopic and should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry, well-ventilated place. When heated to decomposition, butylene glycol emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Несовместимости

Butylene glycol is incompatible with oxidizing reagents.

Регуляторный статус

GRAS listed. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (transdermal patches). Included in licensed medicines in the UK (topical gel patches/medicated plasters).