Norethindrone

Описание

Norethindrone is a progestin (a synthetic substance with properties similar to progesterone) that is best known as the first female oral contraceptive, or the “pill.”Norethindrone’s global impact on society and culture has made it one of the most important inventions in history.

Химические свойства

Off-White to Pale Yellow Solid

История

The development of norethindrone as a female oral contraceptive took place indirectly over 30 years as a result of steroid research.This research accelerated in the 1930s when structures and medical applications of steroidal compounds were determined.Steroids are lipids, which include cholesterol, bile salts,and sex hormones,that are characterized by a structure of three fused six-carbon rings and a five-carbon ring.
In 1957, both norethindrone and norethynodrel were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treating menstrual problems and infertility. In 1960, the FDA approved Searle's norethynodrel under the trade name Enovid. Norethindrone was approved as an oral contraceptive in 1962 under the trade name Ortho-Novum.

Использование

Progesteron. Norethindrone and acetate in combination with estrogen as contraceptive (oral). It is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen

Определение

ChEBI: A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.

Побочные эффекты

Some of the more common side effects of Norethindrone include breast tenderness, hair growth, especially on the face; pimples, weight gain, frequent and irregular bleeding; and menstrual changes. Possible side effects may include: blindness, blue-yellow colour blindness, breast pain, tightness in the chest, chills, clay-coloured stools, cough, dark-coloured urine, diarrhoea, difficulty swallowing, headache and dizziness, eye pain, fast heartbeat, feeling sad or empty, fever, general tiredness and weakness, heavy non-menstrual vaginal bleeding, hives, itching or rash, loss of appetite, puffiness or swelling of the eyelids or around the eyes, face, lips, or tongue Swelling; Stomach ache, etc.

Профиль безопасности

Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic, tumorigenic, and teratogenic data. Mddly toxic by ingestion. Human systemic effects by ingestion: dermatitis and androgenic effects. Human teratogenic effects: developmental abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system and urogenital system; and behavioral effects in the newborn. Human reproductive effects: spermatogenesis; testes, epididymis, sperm duct changes; impotence; male breast development; other male effects; ovaries, fallopian tube changes; menstrual cycle effects; postpartum effects; changes in female fertility. Experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Канцерогенность

Norethisterone is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals.