description
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (also called S-adenosyl methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, SAMe, or SAM-e in the United States or ademetionine in Europe, and also often abbreviated as SAM and AdoMet) is a chemical that is found naturally in the body. SAMe is sold in the United States as a dietary supplement.
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine was discovered in the early 1950s. It’s made in the body from methionine, an amino acid found in foods. It has been found to regulate key functions in living cells.
Abnormal levels of S-Adenosyl-L-methionine in the body have been reported in liver diseases and depression. This prompted researchers to investigate whether S-Adenosyl-L-methionine might be helpful in treating these conditions. The idea that S-Adenosyl-L-methionine might be helpful for osteoarthritis came from studies of S-Adenosyl-L-methionine for depression. Some of the participants in the depression studies who also had osteoarthritis said their joint symptoms improved when they took S-Adenosyl-L-methionine.
Safety and Side Effects
Information on the long-term safety of S-Adenosyl-L-methionine is limited because the participants in most studies took it only for short periods of time. However, in one study of alcohol-related liver disease, participants took S-Adenosyl-L-methionine for 2 years; in that study, no serious side effects were reported.
People with bipolar disorder (an illness characterized by mood swings, from depression to mania) should not take SAMe for their depressive symptoms except under the supervision of a health care provider because SAMe may worsen symptoms of mania.
Although S-Adenosyl-L-methionine has been used to treat cholestasis during pregnancy, its safety during pregnancy has not been established.
SAMe may decrease the effects of levodopa (L-dopa), a drug used to treat Parkinson’s disease. It’s also possible that SAMe might interact with drugs and dietary supplements that increase levels of serotonin (a chemical produced by nerve cells), such as antidepressants, L-tryptophan, and St. John’s wort.
There’s a theoretical concern about the use of SAMe by people who are immunocompromised (such as those who are HIV-positive). Immunocompromised people are at risk for Pneumocystis carinii infection, and SAMe enhances the growth of this microorganism.
Side effects of SAMe are uncommon, and when they do occur they are usually minor problems such as nausea or digestive upsets.
Preparation
There are three main methods for preparing Ademetionine (S-ADM): chemical synthesis, fermentation, and enzymatic conversion. Fermentation involves adding the precursor L-methionine to a basic culture medium containing C and N sources, and then culturing microbial cells to obtain large quantities of S-ADM. This is currently the main industrial production route for S-ADM. The microorganisms used for fermentation can be obtained through screening or recombinant construction, as documented in numerous articles and patents both domestically and internationally. One research method for preparing S-ADM involves using a polyhydroxy organic reagent to protect enzyme activity, using adenosine triphosphate precursor, L-methionine, and phosphate ions as substrates, glucose and/or maltose as energy donors, and a metal ion composition. A permeable production strain is used for whole-cell catalysis to produce S-ADM. The use of a metal ion composition regulates metabolic flux, thereby improving energy self-coupling efficiency. The addition of organic reagents protects the activity of the cells and enzymes. Utilizing a permeable production strain shortens the synthesis time and allows the product to accumulate extracellularly, thus saving subsequent separation costs and simplifying the operation.
Chemical Properties
This product is the active form of methionine in the body.
Originator
Donamet ,Ravizza
Occurrence
SAM-e is found in all living cells and is a precursor in some amino acids.
Uses
white powder LOD 0.2%
Definition
ChEBI: S-adenosyl-L-methioninate is a sulfonium betaine that is a conjugate base of S-adenosyl-L-methionine obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group. It has a role as a human metabolite. It is functionally related to a L-methioninate. It is a conjugate base of a S-adenosyl-L-methionine.
Manufacturing Process
S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM) is produced is prepared by cultivating of
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
One loopful of each of the microorganism strains (IFO 2342, IFO 2343, IFO
2345, IFO 2346, IFO 2347) was inoculated in 10 ml of a heat-sterilized culture
medium adjusted to pH 6.0 and composed of 5.0 g/dl of glucose, 0.5 g/dl of
polypeptone, 0.4 g/dl of KH2PO4, 0.4 g/dl of K2HPO4, 0.02 g/dl of
MgSO4·7H2O and 0.2 g/dl of yeast extract, and cultivated with shaking at
28°C for 24 h.
1 L of a culture medium adjusted to pH 6.0 and composed of 10.0 g/dl of
sucrose, 1.0 g/dl of yeast extract, 0.4 g/dl of K2HPO4, 0.01 g/dl of
MgSO4·7H2O, 1.5 g/dl of urea (separately sterilized), 0.75 g/dl of Lmethionine,
0.02 g/dl of CaCl2·2H2O, 0.25 mg/dl of ZnSO4·7H2O, 0.25 mg/dl
of FeSO4·7H2O, 125.0 mg/dl of MnSO4·6H2O, 2.0 μg/dl of CuSO4·5H2O, 2.0
μg/dl of H3BO3, 0.2 μg/dl of CoCl2·6H2O and 1.0 μg/dl of KI was put in a 2-
liter fermentor and sterilized. Then, 5 ml of the seed culture broth prepared
as above was inoculated in the culture medium and cultivated at 28°C for 72
h with aeration and agitation.
After the cultivation, the microbial cells were collected by centrifugal
separation, washed once with physiological saline, suspended in 100 ml of 1.5
N perchloric acid, and shaken at room temperature for 1 h. The suspension
was then centrifuged to remove the microbial cells, and the resulting liquid
was adjusted to pH 4.5 by adding potassium hydrogen carbonate. The
resulting precipitate of potassium perchlorate was removed by centrifugal
separation to give an extract containing SAM. The amount of SAM in the
extract was determined, and the amount of SAM based on the dry cells.
The extract in an amount of 0.2 g as SAM was passed through a column filled
with 50 ml of Amberlite IRC-50 (H+ form), a weakly acidic cation exchange
resin, to cause adsorption of SAM. 0.005 N acetic acid was passed through the
column to wash it until the absorbance at 260 nm of the eluate becames less
than 0.1. Thus, impurities were removed. Then, 0.1 N sulfuric acid was
passed through the column, and SAM was eluted until the absorbance at 260
nm of the eluate becames less than 0.05. The eluate was treated with
Amberlite IRA 900 resin (OH- form) to adjust its pH to 3.0, and then
lyophilized to obtain SAM sulfate. The SAM based may be produced from SAM
sulfate by treatment with potassium hydrogen carbonate. The purity of SAM
was measured by cellulose thin-layer chromatography, paper chromatography
and high-performance liquid chromatography. The yield of SAM based on the
dry cells: IFO 2343-12.1%; IFO 2346-18.8%; IFO 2347-16.7%.
Therapeutic Function
Metabolic, Antiinflammatory
benefits
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) plays a role in the immune system, maintains cell membranes, and helps produce and break down brain chemicals like serotonin, melatonin, and dopamine. It works with vitamin B12 and folate (vitamin B9). Being deficient in either vitamin B12 or folate may reduce SAMe levels in your body. Several studies show that SAMe helps relieve the pain of osteoarthritis. Taking SAMe by mouth works, as well as ibuprofen and other similar drugs for reducing symptoms of osteoarthritis. Other studies suggest that SAMe may help treat depression.
