Azathioprin

Gefahreninformationscode (GHS)

• Bildanzeige (GHS)

  

• Alarmwort

  Achtung

• Gefahrenhinweise

  H302：Gesundheitsschädlich bei Verschlucken.

  H315：Verursacht Hautreizungen.

  H319：Verursacht schwere Augenreizung.

  H335：Kann die Atemwege reizen.

  H350：Kann Krebs verursachen.

• Sicherheit

  P202：Vor Gebrauch alle Sicherheitshinweise lesen und verstehen.

  P261：Einatmen von Staub vermeiden.

  P301+P312：BEI VERSCHLUCKEN: Bei Unwohlsein GIFTINFORMATIONSZENTRUM/Arzt/... (geeignete Stelle für medizinische Notfallversorgung vom Hersteller/Lieferanten anzugeben) anrufen.

  P302+P352：BEI BERÜHRUNG MIT DER HAUT: Mit viel Wasser/... (Hersteller kann, falls zweckmäßig, ein Reinigungsmittel angeben oder, wenn Wasser eindeutig ungeeignet ist, ein alternatives Mittel empfehlen) waschen.

  P305+P351+P338：BEI KONTAKT MIT DEN AUGEN: Einige Minuten lang behutsam mit Wasser spülen. Eventuell vorhandene Kontaktlinsen nach Möglichkeit entfernen. Weiter spülen.

  P308+P313：BEI Exposition oder falls betroffen: Ärztlichen Rat einholen/ärztliche Hilfe hinzuziehen.

Azathioprine Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden

• R-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:

  R45:Kann Krebs erzeugen.
  R22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Verschlucken.
  R36/37/38:Reizt die Augen, die Atmungsorgane und die Haut.
  R20/21/22:Gesundheitsschädlich beim Einatmen,Verschlucken und Berührung mit der Haut.

• S-Sätze Betriebsanweisung:

  S53:Exposition vermeiden - vor Gebrauch besondere Anweisungen einholen.
  S22:Staub nicht einatmen.
  S26:Bei Berührung mit den Augen sofort gründlich mit Wasser abspülen und Arzt konsultieren.
  S36/37:Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzhandschuhe und Schutzkleidung tragen.
  S45:Bei Unfall oder Unwohlsein sofort Arzt zuziehen (wenn möglich, dieses Etikett vorzeigen).
  S36:DE: Bei der Arbeit geeignete Schutzkleidung tragen.

• Beschreibung

  This immunosuppressive and antineoplastic drug is derived from 6-mercaptopurine. It caused occupational dermatitis in a pharmaceutical worker, reconditioner of old tablet packaging machines and in a production mechanic, working in packaging for a pharmaceutical company.

• Chemische Eigenschaften

  Yellow Solid

• Chemische Eigenschaften

  Azathioprine is a complex heterocyclic compound which forms pale yellow crystals.

• Originator

  Imuran,Wellcome,UK,1964

• Verwenden

  immunosuppressant, antineoplastic, antirheumatic

• Verwenden

  Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive purine antimetabolite. The mechanism of action of azathioprine is as a nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor. It has shown promise in treatment of alopecia areata (autoimmune hair loss), with no difference in effectiveness between genders.

• Verwenden

  An immunosuppressive antimetabolite. Also active as disease modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD). Azathioprine is a purine analog with immunosuppressive effects.

• Definition

  ChEBI: A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and a ter organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.

• Indications

  Azathioprine (Imuran) is a cytotoxic agent that preferentially destroys any rapidly dividing cell. Since immunologically competent cells are generally rapidly dividing cells, azathioprine is very effective as an immunosuppressive drug. Unfortunately, any cell that is replicating is a target for this action. This lack of specificity leads to serious side effects. Azathioprine, in combination with corticosteroids, has historically been used more widely than any other drug in immunosuppressive therapy. It is classified as a purine antimetabolite and is a derivative of 6-mercaptopurine.

• Manufacturing Process

  N,N'-Dimethyloxaldiamide is reacted with PCl5, to give 4-chloro-1-methyl imidazole. This is nitrated with HNO3 to give 5-nitro-1-methyl-4- chloroimidazole. Then, a mixture of 4.6 grams of anhydrous 6- mercaptopurine, 5 grams of 1-methyl-4-chloro-5-nitroimidazole and 2.5 grams of anhydrous sodium acetate in 100 ml of dry dimethyl sulfoxide was heated at 100°C for 7 hours.
  After standing overnight at room temperature, the mixture was poured into 200 ml of cold water and the yellow precipitate of 6-(1'-methyl-4'-nitro-5'- imidazolyl)mercaptopurine (7.0 grams) collected. After recrystallization from 50% aqueous acetone, the product melted at 243-244°C, dec., and had an UV spectrum with λ maximum = 280 nm at pH 1 and λ max. = 285 nm at pH 11.

• Trademarks

  Imuran (Promethus).

• Therapeutic Function

  Immunosuppressive

• Allgemeine Beschreibung

  Pale yellow crystals or yellowish powder. Decomposes at 243-244°C. Used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. A known carcinogen.

• Air & Water Reaktionen

  Sensitive to oxidation in the air. Insoluble in water.

• Reaktivität anzeigen

  Azathioprine may react exothermically with acids. Incompatible with isocyanates, peroxides, phenols, epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Hydrolyzed by strongly basic solutions . May react with strong reducing agents to generate flammable gaseous hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide.

• Hazard

  Confirmed carcinogen.

• Brandgefahr

  Flash point data for Azathioprine are not available. Azathioprine is probably combustible.

• Kontakt-Allergie

  This immunosuppressive and antineoplastic drug is derived from 6-mercaptopurine. It caused allergic contact dermatitis in a mother crushing tablets for her leukemic son, and occupational dermatitis in a pharmaceutical reconditioner of old tablet packaging machines, and in a production mechanic working in packaging for a pharmaceutical company.

• Biochem/physiol Actions

  Has shown promise in treatment of alopecia areata (autoimmune hair loss), with no difference in effectiveness between genders.

• Mechanism of action

  Azathioprine is a phase-specific drug that is toxic to cells during nucleic acid synthesis. Phase-specific drugs are toxic during a specific phase of the mitotic cycle, usually the S-phase, when DNA synthesis is occurring, as opposed to cycle-specific drugs that kill both cycling and intermitotic cells.
  Azathioprine is converted in vivo to thioinosinic acid, which competitively inhibits the synthesis of inosinic acid, the precursor to adenylic acid and guanylic acid. In this way, azathioprine inhibits DNA synthesis and therefore suppresses lymphocyte proliferation.This effectively inhibits both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses.

• Pharmakologie

  Azathioprine is well absorbed following oral administration, with peak blood levels occurring within 1 to 2 hours. It is rapidly and extensively metabolized to 6- mercaptopurine, which is further converted in the liver and erythrocytes to a variety of metabolites, including 6- thiouric acid. Metabolites are excreted in the urine.The half-life of azathioprine and its metabolites in the blood is about 5 hours.

• Clinical Use

  Azathioprine is a relatively powerful antiinflammatory agent. Although its beneficial effect in various conditions is principally attributable to its direct immunosuppressive action, the antiinflammatory properties of the drug play an important role in its overall therapeutic effectiveness.
  Azathioprine has been used widely in combination with corticosteroids to inhibit rejection of organ transplants, particularly kidney and liver allografts. However, it is usually reserved for patients who do not respond to cyclosporine plus corticosteroids alone.
  Azathioprine also has applications in certain disorders with autoimmune components, most commonly rheumatoid arthritis. It is as effective as cyclophosphamide in the treatment of Wegener’s granulomatosis. It has largely been replaced by cyclosporine in immunosuppressive therapy. Relative to other cytotoxic agents, the better oral absorption of azathioprine is the reason for its more widespread clinical use.

• Nebenwirkungen

  The therapeutic use of azathioprine has been limited by the number and severity of adverse effects associated with its administration. Bone marrow suppression resulting in leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, or both may occur. GI toxicity may be a problem. It is also mildly hepatotoxic. Because of its immunosuppressive activity, azathioprine therapy can lead to serious infections. It has been shown to be mutagenic in animals and humans and carcinogenic in animals.

• Sicherheitsprofil

  Confirmed human carcinogen producing bladder tumors and leukemia. Poison by subcutaneous, intradermal, and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human systemic effects: liver changes, hypermotility, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting, increased body temperature, BP lowering, decreased urine volume or anuria, normocytic anemia, bone marrow changes. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NO,xand SOx. An immunosuppressant.

• Synthese

  Azathioprine, 6-[(1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl)thio]purine (31.2.1), is synthesized by heteroarylation of the sulfhydrile group of 6-mercaptopurine (30.1.2.9) with 5-chloro-1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol in the presence of sodium acetate as a weak base.

  

• mögliche Exposition

  Azathioprine is an immunosuppressive agent, generally used in combination with a corticosteroid to prevent rejection following renal homotransplantations. It also is used following transplantation of other organs. Other uses of azathioprine include the treatment of a variety of presumed autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis; ankylosing spondylitis; systemic lupus erythematosus; dermatonyositis, periarteritis nodosa, scleroderma, refractory thombocytopenic purpura; autoimmune hemolytic anemia; chronic active liver disease; regional enteritis; ulcerative colitis; various autoimmune diseases of the eye; acute and chronic glomerulonephritis; the nephritic syndrome; Wegener’s granulomatosis; and multiple sclerosis.

• Veterinary Drugs and Treatments

  In veterinary medicine, azathioprine is used primarily as an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of immune-mediated diseases in dogs. See Doses below for more information. For autoagglutinizing immune mediated hemolytic anemia, azathioprine is generally recommended to start at the time of diagnosis. When used in combination with cyclosporine, azathioprine has been used to prevent rejection of MHC-matched renal allografts in dogs.
  Although the drug can be very toxic to bone marrow in cats, it is sometimes used to treat feline autoimmune skin diseases.

• Arzneimittelwechselwirkung

  Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
  Allopurinol: enhances effect with increased toxicity. Reduce azathioprine dose by 50-75% if administered concomitantly - ideally avoid.
  Antibacterials: increased risk of haematological toxicity with co-trimoxazole.
  Anticoagulants: possibly reduced anticoagulant effect of coumarins.
  Antipsychotics: avoid with clozapine.
  Antivirals: myelosuppressive effects enhanced by ribavirin.
  Ciclosporin: decreased ciclosporin absorption and bioavailability.
  Cytotoxics may be additive or synergistic in producing toxicity, particularly on the bone marrow.
  Febuxostat: avoid concomitant use.
  Vaccines: risk of generalised infections with live vaccines - avoid.

• Erste Hilfe

  If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove anycontact lenses at once and irrigate with water or normalsaline immediately for at least 20°30 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, removecontaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap andwater. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemicalhas been inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescuebreathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart actionhas stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. Whenthis chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention.Give large quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do notmake an unconscious person vomit.

• Carcinogenicity

  Azathioprine is known to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans.

• Stoffwechsel

  Azathioprine is extensively metabolised to its active moiety mercaptopurine, which in turn is activated intracellularly by conversion to nucleotide derivatives. Mercaptopurine is rapidly and extensively metabolised in the liver, by methylation, oxidation and by the formation of inorganic sulfates. Thiol methylation is catalysed by the enzyme thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT). TPMT activity is highly variable in patients because of a genetic polymorphism in the TPMT gene. About 10% of a dose of azathioprine is reported to be split between the sulfur and the purine ring to give 1-methyl-4-nitro-5-thioimidazole. The proportion of different metabolites is reported to vary between patients. Metabolites and small amounts of unchanged azathioprine and mercaptopurine are eliminated in the urine.

• Lager

  Color Code—Blue: Health Hazard/Poison: Store ina secure poison location. Prior to working with this chemicalyou should be trained on its proper handling and storage.Store in a refrigerator under an inert atmosphere. A regulated, marked area should be established where this chemicalis handled, used, or stored in compliance with OSHAStandard 1910.1045.

• Versand/Shipping

  UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1-Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required.

• Inkompatibilitäten

  Incompatible with reducing agents, such as hydrides (may cause the release of explosive gases), oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong acids (violent exothermic reaction), strong bases.

Azathioprine Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte

Azathioprin Anbieter Lieferant Produzent Hersteller Vertrieb Händler.

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