Ritalin

Gefahreninformationscode (GHS)

• Bildanzeige (GHS)

  

• Alarmwort

  Warnung

• Gefahrenhinweise

  H302：Gesundheitsschädlich bei Verschlucken.

  H315：Verursacht Hautreizungen.

  H319：Verursacht schwere Augenreizung.

  H341：Kann vermutlich genetische Defekte verursachen.

• Sicherheit

  P201：Vor Gebrauch besondere Anweisungen einholen.

  P202：Vor Gebrauch alle Sicherheitshinweise lesen und verstehen.

  P264：Nach Gebrauch gründlich waschen.

  P264：Nach Gebrauch gründlich waschen.

  P270：Bei Gebrauch nicht essen, trinken oder rauchen.

  P280：Schutzhandschuhe/Schutzkleidung/Augenschutz tragen.

  P281：Vorgeschriebene persönliche Schutzausrüstung verwenden.

  P301+P312：BEI VERSCHLUCKEN: Bei Unwohlsein GIFTINFORMATIONSZENTRUM/Arzt/... (geeignete Stelle für medizinische Notfallversorgung vom Hersteller/Lieferanten anzugeben) anrufen.

  P302+P352：BEI BERÜHRUNG MIT DER HAUT: Mit viel Wasser/... (Hersteller kann, falls zweckmäßig, ein Reinigungsmittel angeben oder, wenn Wasser eindeutig ungeeignet ist, ein alternatives Mittel empfehlen) waschen.

  P305+P351+P338：BEI KONTAKT MIT DEN AUGEN: Einige Minuten lang behutsam mit Wasser spülen. Eventuell vorhandene Kontaktlinsen nach Möglichkeit entfernen. Weiter spülen.

  P308+P313：BEI Exposition oder falls betroffen: Ärztlichen Rat einholen/ärztliche Hilfe hinzuziehen.

  P321：Besondere Behandlung

  P330：Mund ausspülen.

  P332+P313：Bei Hautreizung: Ärztlichen Rat einholen/ärztliche Hilfe hinzuziehen.

  P362：Kontaminierte Kleidung ausziehen und vor erneutem Tragen waschen.

  P405：Unter Verschluss aufbewahren.

  P501：Inhalt/Behälter ... (Entsorgungsvorschriften vom Hersteller anzugeben) zuführen.

Ritalin Chemische Eigenschaften,Einsatz,Produktion Methoden

• Originator

  Ritalin,Ciba,US,1958

• History

  Methylphenidate is a piperidine derivative that is a central nervous system stimulant. Methylphenidate, in its hydrochloride form, is the active ingredient in the common medication Ritalin. Methylphenidate was first synthesized from benzyl cyanide and 2-chloropyridine in Basel, Switzerland in 1944 by Ciba chemist Leandro Panizzon (1907 ?).
  Panizzon named the substance Ritaline after his wife, whose nickname was Rita. Panizzon and Max Hartmann proposed an improved synthesis for methylphenidate and obtained a U.S. patent for its preparation in 1950 (U.S. Patent Number 2507631). In 1954, methylphenidate was patented for use as an agent for treating psychological disorders under the name Ritalin by the Ciba pharmaceutical company.(Ciba subsequently merged with the Geigy company to become Ciba-Geigy, and then Ciba-Geigy merged with Sandoz to form Novartis.) Methylphenidate was first used to reverse drug-induced coma. Ritalin was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1955 and introduced in the United States in 1956 for several conditions including depression, senile behavior, lethargy, and narcolepsy.
  Hyperactive children were first treated with stimulants in 1937. Since methylphenidate first appeared on the market, its use for treating ADHD has steadily increased. It is the most commonly used medication for treating children diagnosed with ADHD.

• Verwenden

  Stimulant.

• Verwenden

  Methylphenidate's mode of action is not completely known, but it is believed that ADHD symptoms are related to the dopaminergic areas of the brain. Animal studies indicate that methylphenidate affects several neurotransmitters to counteract ADHD behavior. Methylphenidate binds to dopamine transporters in the presynaptic neuron, blocking the reuptake of dopamine and increasing extracellular dopamine. Methylphenidate also infl uences norepinephrine reuptake and infl uences serotonin to a minor degree.
  In addition to ADHD, methylphenidate is used for several other medical conditions.It continues to be used for narcolepsy. It has also been used in treating depression, especially in elderly populations. Methylphenidate has been suggested for use in the treatment of brain injury from stroke or brain trauma; it has also been suggested to improve appetite and the mood of cancer and HIV patients. Another use is for pain control and/or sedation for patients using opiates.
  Health concerns are associated with the use of methylphenidate.Some of the commonly reported adverse effects associated with its use are insomnia, nervousness, hypertension, headache, anorexia, and tachycardia;less common effects include weight loss, nausea, and angina. Studies have indicated that methylphenidate lead to liver tumors in mice, but limited studies on its carcinogenicity in animals have not led the FDA to change recommendations on its use. Because methylphenidate is a stimulant and readily available, it has a potential for drug abuse.

• Definition

  ChEBI: Methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate is a amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group. It is a member of piperidines, a methyl ester and a beta-amino acid ester.

• Manufacturing Process

  As described in US Patent 2,507,631, 80 g of pulverized sodium amide are gradually added, while stirring and cooling, to a solution of 117 g of phenylacetonitrile and 113 g of 2-chloropyridine in 400 cc of absolute toluene. The mixture is then slowly heated to 110° to 120°C and maintained at this temperature for 1 hour. Water is added thereto after cooling, the toluene solution is shaken with dilute hydrochloric acid and the hydrochloric acid extracts are made alkaline with concentrated caustic soda solution. A solid mass is separated thereby which is taken up in acetic ester and distilled, αphenyl-α-pyridyl-(2)-acetonitrile passing over at 150° to 155°C under 0.5 mm pressure. When recrystallized from ethyl acetate it melts at 88° to 89°C, the yield amounting to 135 g.
  100 g of α-phenyl-α-pyridyl-(2)-acetonitrile are introduced into 400 cc of concentrated sulfuric acid, allowed to stand overnight at room temperature, poured into ice and rendered alkaline with sodium carbonate. α-Phenyl-αpyridyl-(2)-acetamide is precipitated thereby which melts at 134°C after recrystallization from ethyl acetate.
  100g of the resulting α-phenyl-α-pyridyl-(2)-acetamide, when dissolved in one liter of methyl alcohol and treated for 6 hours at water-bath temperature with hydrogen chloride, and after concentrating, diluting with water and rendering alkaline with sodium carbonate, yield 90 g of the α-phenyl-α-pyridyl-(2)-acetic acid methylester of MP 74° to 75°C (from alcohol of 50% strength).
  The α-phenyl-α-piperidyl-(2)-acetic acid methylester of BP 135° to 137°C under 0.6 mm pressure is obtained in theoretical yield by hydrogenation of 50 g of α-phenyl-α-pyridyl(2)-acetic acid methylester in glacial acetic acid in the presence of 1 g of platinum catalyst at room temperature, while taking up 6 hydrogen atoms. Reaction with HCl gives the hydrochloride. Resolution of stereoisomers is described in US Patent 2,957,880.

• Trademarks

  Daytrana(Shire);4311 ciba;Centedrin;Cetedrin;Methidate;Ritalin sr;Ritaline.

• Therapeutic Function

  Psychostimulant

• Weltgesundheitsorganisation (WHO)

  Methylphenidate, a piperidine derivative with mild central stimulant activity, was introduced in 1956. Its pharmacological properties resemble those of amfetamines and it shares their abuse potential. Methylphenidate retains a place as an adjunct in the treatment of hyperkinetic syndromes in both children and adults. It is controlled under Schedule II of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. (Reference: (UNCPS2) United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances (II), , , 1971)

• Sicherheitsprofil

  Poison experimentally by ingestion, intraperitoneal, intravenous, and subcutaneous routes. Moderately toxic to humans by intravenous route. Human systemic effects by intravenous route: dyspnea. An experimental teratogen. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.

Ritalin Upstream-Materialien And Downstream Produkte

113-45-1, Ritalin Verwandte Suche: