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• Preparation

  The extraction method for isorhamnetin from sea buckthorn pomace using ultrasound is based on the principle that ultrasound induces cavitation between the solvent and the sample, leading to the formation, growth, bursting, and compression of bubbles in the solution. This facilitates solute diffusion and increases the mass transfer rate of the target compound from the solid phase to the liquid phase. Ultrasonic extraction can significantly shorten the extraction time and improve the extraction rate of active ingredients and the utilization rate of raw materials. The extraction process involves: accurately weighing approximately 1.0 g of sea buckthorn pomace → adding the extraction solution → ultrasonic extraction → filtration → adjusting the volume of the filtrate → isorhamnetin extraction. The optimal process for extracting isorhamnetin from sea buckthorn pomace is as follows: at 50℃, with an ultrasonic frequency of 40 kHz, extraction is performed twice using an extraction solution of ethyl acetate (V): 95% ethanol (V: 4:6), for 1 hour each time, with a solid-liquid ratio of 1:25. Using this method, the extracted isorhamnetin content can reach 5.09 mg·g⁻¹. Chemical synthesis: Starting with quercetin (Ⅰ), acetylation, benzylation, and methylation reactions yielded quercetin pentaacetate (Ⅱ) and 4',7-di-O-benzylquercetin (Ⅲ), 4',7-di-O-benzylquercetin triacetate (Ⅳ), and 4',7-di-O-benzyl-3'-methylquercetin (Ⅴ) intermediates, respectively. Compound (Ⅴ) was then benzylated to yield isorhamnetin (Ⅵ).;

• Description

  Isorhamnetin is a flavonoid, which occurs naturally in plants and it is also a metabolite of quercetin.
  Isorhamnetin has anti-inflammatory effect as it can reduce the formation of large amounts of nitric oxide by the inhibition the activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which is a significant transcription factor for inducible nitric oxide synthase.  Isorhamnetin is also reported to have effect in inducing the expression of neurofilaments, and it potentiated the NGF-induced neurite outgrowth and neurofilament expression, which could be a new direction in searching potential candidates as new drugs or food supplements for neurodegenerative diseases. ;

• References

  [1] Mari Hämäläinen, Riina Nieminen, Pia Vuorela, Marina Heinonen and Eeva Moilanen, Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Flavonoids: Genistein, Kaempferol, Quercetin, and Daidzein Inhibit STAT-1 and NF-κB Activations, Whereas Flavone, Isorhamnetin, Naringenin, and Pelargonidin Inhibit only NF-κB Activation along with Their Inhibitory Effect on iNOS Expression and NO Production in Activated Macrophages, Mediators of Inflammation, 2007, vol. 2007, Article ID 45673
  [2] Sherry L. Xu, Roy C. Y. Choi, Kevin Y. Zhu, Ka-Wing Leung, Ava J. Y. Guo, Dan Bi, Hong Xu, David T. W. Lau, Tina T. X. Dong and Karl W. K. Tsim, Isorhamnetin, A Flavonol Aglycone from Ginkgo biloba L., Induces Neuronal Differentiation of Cultured PC12 Cells: Potentiating the Effect of Nerve Growth Factor, Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012, vol. 2012, Article ID 278273 ;

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