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Borneol is an analgetic, antibacterial, and resuscitation-inducing norborneol derived from fresh branches and leaves of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl. Far more than 2000?years ago, it has been introduced to China . In China, it has been firstly recorded in Ming Yi Bie Lu and then included in Tang Ben Cao. It was recorded in history that borneol was derived from Dryobalanops camphora gaertner and then precipitated from the resin to form the natural crystal compound or distilled from the trunk and cooled down to form the crystal compound, which is certified from Indonesia. In China, the natural borneol mainly relied on imports. In recent years, it was extracted from the Lauraceae plants, including Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum longepaniculatum, and Cinnamomum burmannii, which greatlyincreases the resources of natural borneol for China. Cinnamomum camphora is mainly distributed in Jiangxi and Fujian provinces with 81.78% of borneol. Cinnamomum longepaniculatum is mainly distributed in Hunan and Sichuan provinces with 77.57% of borneol. Cinnamomum burmannii is mainly distributed in Yunnan and Guangxi provinces with 70.81% of borneol. Among them, Cinnamomum camphora contains more borneol than the other two types .

white to light yellow crystalline powder or

Appearance: colorless to white lumps. Odor: pungent, camphor-like. Density:1.011?g/ cm3 (20?°C). Melting point: 208?°C (406?°F; 481?K). Boiling point: 213?°C (415?°F; 486?K). Solubility: slightly soluble in water (D-form), soluble in chloroform, ethanol, acetone, ether, benzene, toluene, decalin, and tetralin. Flash point: 65? °C (149?°F; 338?K). It’s stable under sealed condition while volatile in the air.

Borneol has been widely used worldwide. It has been systematically studied since 1803 in Dutch literature. This might be because borneol was originated from Indonesia which had been the colony of the Netherlands since the seventeenth century. Stockman reviewed the borneol systematically and conducted the preliminary pharmacological experiments. The current pharmacological studies of borneol focus on crossing blood-brain barrier and its mechanism, as well as promoting the penetration of blood-brain barrier after compatibility with other drugs, which has been started by Qizhong Mo in Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences since 1982 . Qide Wu et al. synthesized a series of ester derivatives of natural borneol and studied its biological properties. It was found that (+) – 4-methoxybenzoic acid borneol ester had a significant effect on the opening of the blood-brain barrier and was less toxic than borneol . Because of the unique chemical structure of borneol and relatively low molecular weight, borneol is often modified to observe whether the drug has such pharmacological effects of antitumor, increasing the penetration of blood-brain barrier, antibacterial, antioxidant, and others. Up to date, there is no druggability report based on borneol modification.

(-)-Borneol is used to prepare its esters by reacting with acids. Its derivatives are used as chiral ligands in asymmetric synthesis. It is also used in flavors and perfumes. Further, it is used in traditional Chinese medicine as moxa. In addition to this, it is used as a component of many essential oils and also used as a natural insect repellent.

ChEBI: (-)-borneol is a borneol. It is an enantiomer of a (+)-borneol.

The main efficacy of borneol is to induce resuscitation (with aromatic stimulation), clear stagnated fire (fever feeling), remove nebula for improving eyesight, and relieve swelling and pain. The indications of borneol are sore throat, aphthous, red eyes, purulent ear discharge, convulsions, febrile delirium, sudden faint due to qi depression, stroke, and coma. In Chinese traditional medicine, the borneol is often used as an envoy drug and combined with other drugs but is not used as a single medicine with the inexact efficacy

Flammable

The main pharmacological effects of borneol include anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, central nervous system, and antifertility effects . Guangchi Jiang found that intraperitoneal injection of borneol at 3.5 mL/kg can significantly inhibit foot swelling caused by egg white in rats. Borneol can inhibit and kill Staphylococcus aureus, B-type Streptococcus, and other five common cells with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 1.0–2.0% and the lowest bactericidal concentration (MFC) of 1.5–2.0%. There was significant odinopoeia effect on the late pregnant mice after given 112 mg/kg borneol. Qide Liu et al. found that 10% borneol paraffin oil at the dose of 1 mg/kg by oral gavage can significantly increase the concentration of gentamicin in rat brain tissue, suggesting that borneol can change the blood-brain barrier permeability. The current mechanisms of anti-inflammatory effects include inhibition of inflammatory factors of interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. The mechanisms of central nervous system effects are involved in inhibiting p-glycoprotein, opening the intercellular tight junction, increasing the number of pinocytotic vesicles, and improving the phospholipid molecule arrangement of epithelial cell membrane. In addition, borneol also affects the level of nitric oxide and inhibits the elevation of Ca2+ concentration.

As a traditional Chinese medicine, borneol is commonly used as envoy drugs in the compatibility of traditional Chinese medicine. On behalf of combination drugs such as Danshen dripping pills, Niu Huang Jie Du pills, and watermelon cream, its effect is significant because of its special aromatic smell. Borneol with a certain irritation, oral administration may cause the gastrointestinal discomforts, severely causes vomiting and other adverse reactions.