Description
Prostaglandin E2 (363-24-6; PGE2) is an endogenous prostaglandin derived from the action of cyclooxygenase on arachidonic acid. PGE2 has diverse biological actions in the areas of inflammation, cancer, immune modulation, fertility, smooth muscle relaxation and hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis. Prostaglandin E2 acts through four distinct receptors: EP1, EP2, EP3, EP4.
Chemical Properties
White to pale yellowish-cream powder
Originator
Prostin E2,Upjohn,UK,1972
Uses
The most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins. Isolated from sheep prostate. Oxytocic; abortifacient.
Definition
ChEBI: Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostagland
ns.
Manufacturing Process
Hexamethyldisilazane (1 ml) and trimethylchlorosilane (0.2 ml) are added
with stirring to a solution of PGA2 (250 mg) in 4 ml of tetrahydrofuran at 0°C
under nitrogen. This mixture is maintained at 5°C for 15 hours. The mixture is
then evaporated under reduced pressure. Toluene is added and evaporated
twice. Then the residue is dissolved in 6 ml of methanol, and the solution is
cooled to -20°C. Hydrogen peroxide (0.45 ml; 30% aqueous) is added. Then,
1N sodium hydroxide solution (0.9 ml) is added dropwise with stirring at -
20°C. After 2 hours at -20°C, an additional 0.3 ml of the sodium hydroxide
solution is added with stirring at -20°C. After another hour in the range -10°C
to -20°C, an additional 0.1 ml of the sodium hydroxide solution is added.
Then, 1.5 ml of 1 N hydrochloric acid is added, and the mixture is evaporated
under reduced pressure. The residue is extracted with ethyl acetate, and the
extract is washed successively with 1 N hydrochloric acid and
ine, dried with
anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporated. The residue is dissolved in 5 ml of
diethyl ether. To this solution is added 0.5 ml of methanol and 0.1 ml of water.
Amalgamated aluminum made from 0.5 g of aluminum metal is then added in
small portions during 3 hours at 25°C. Then, ethyl acetate and 3 N
hydrochloric acid are added, and the ethyl acetate layer is separated and
washed successively with 1 N hydrochloric acid and
ine, dried with
anhydrous sodium sulfate, and evaporated. The residue is chromatographed
on 50 g of acid-washed silica gel, eluting first with 400 ml of a gradient of 50-
100% ethyl acetate in Skellysolve B, and then with 100 ml of 5% methanol in
ethyl acetate, collecting 25 ml fractions. Fractions 9 and 10 are combined and
evaporated to give 18 mg of 11β-PGE2. Fractions 17-25 are combined and
evaporated to give 39 mg of PGE2.
Brand name
Cervidil (Controlled Therapeutics); Prepidil (Pharmacia & Upjohn); Prostin E2 (Pharmacia & Upjohn);Minprostin;Prostaglandin;Prostarmon e;Prostin vr pediatric.
Therapeutic Function
Oxytocic, Abortifacient
World Health Organization (WHO)
Dinoprostone, prostaglandin E2, was introduced into medicine in
1971 and is primarily used for cervical ripening during the induction of labour. It is
available in various formulations for oral, parenteral and vaginal administration.
Tablets, ampoules and vaginal dosage forms (tablets, pessaries, gel) remain
registered in many countries.
General Description
PGE2 Dinoprostone (Prostin E2;Cervidil) is a naturally occurring prostaglandin that is administeredin a single dose of 10 mg by controlled-release(0.3 mg/hr) vaginal insert to induce cervical ripening. Use ofthis agent will potentiate the effects of oxytocin.
Biological Activity
Endogenous prostaglandin and primary product of arachidonic acid/cyclooxygenase pathway. Binds with high affinity to EP 1 , EP 2 , EP 3 and EP 4 receptors (K d values range between ~ 1-10 nM). Influences a wide range of processes including inflammation, smooth muscle relaxation, fertility and gastric mucosal integrity. Regulates vertebrate hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis.
Biochem/physiol Actions
Most biologically active prostaglandin. PGE2 induces cervical ripening and parturition; mediates bradykinin-induced vasodilation; regulates adenylyl cyclase. Tumor cells that over-express cyclooxygenase 2 display increased invasiveness, angiogenesis, and resistance to apoptosis that may be due to the PGE2-induced expression of angiogenic factors and stabilization of the anti-apoptotic protein, survivin.The effect of PGE2 on the immune system is mixed. It inhibits T cell activation in vitro, suggesting it is an immunosuppressant. However, in vivo, it appears to effect expansion of the Th17 subset and differentiation of the Th1 subset of T helper cells, marking it as an immunoactivator.
in vitro
pge2 can stimulate the gastric nonparietal secretion [3] and has been shown to regulate the function of many cell types including dendritic cells, macrophages, t and b lymphocytes leading to both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects [2].
in vivo
pge2 regulates many physiological systems including the gastrointestinal and immune systems. in the gastrointestinal tract, pge2 plays a protective role in maintaining the integrity of the gastric mucosa. pge2 has also been shown to play a role in the maintenance of blood pressure, particularly in the setting of salt overload [2].
References
1) Healy (1990) Progesterone receptor antagonist and prostaglandins in human fertility regulation: a clinical review; Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 2 477
2) Greenhough et al. (2009) The COX-2/PGE2 pathway: key roles in the hallmarks of cancer and adaptation to the tumour microenvironment; Carcinogenesis, 30 377
3) Kalinski (2012) Regulation of Immune Responses by Prostaglandin E2; J. Immunol., 188 21
4) North et al. (2007) Prostaglandin E2 regulates vertebrate haematopoietic stem cell homeostasis; Nature, 447 1007
5) Hoggatt et al. (2013) Differential stem- and progenitor-cell trafficking by prostaglandin E2; Nature, 495 365
6) Coleman et al. (1994) Classification of prostanoid receptors: Properties, distribution and structure of the receptors and their subtypes; Pharmacol. Rev. 46 205
