Usage
Nitenpyram is a chloronicotinyl insecticide; orally administered flea adulticide. Nitenpyram is used as an ectoparasiticide.
Chemical Properties
The pure product is light yellow crystals, mp 83-84℃, relative density 1.40 (26℃), vapor pressure 1.1×10-9 Pa (25℃), solubility at 20℃: xylene 4.5 g/L, acetone 290 g/L, chloroform 700 g/L, water 840 g/L.
Uses
Nitenpyram is a chloronicotinyl insecticide; orally administered flea adulticide. Nitenpyram is used as an ectoparasiticide.
Definition
ChEBI: A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.
Production Methods
The commercial synthesis of nitenpyram involves a streamlined multi-step process that begins with the preparation of two key intermediates: 1,1,1-trichloro-2-nitroethane, synthesised via elimination and catalytic nitration of 1,1,1,2-trichloroethane, and N-ethyl-2-chloro-5-pyridylmethylamine, obtained through N-alkylation of 2-chloro-5-nitropyridine using phase-transfer catalysis in aqueous media. These intermediates are then combined in a single reaction vessel using dichloromethane as a solvent, where condensation and methylamination reactions occur to form the final nitenpyram molecule. The product is subsequently extracted, desolventised, and crystallised.
Mechanism of action
Systemic with translaminar activity, stomach and contact action affecting insects nervous system. No long term activity. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) channel blocker.
Side effects
One observed side effect is itchiness, suspected to be from the fleas dislodging. Other reported side effects are hyperactivity, panting, lethargy, vomiting, fever, decreased appetite, nervousness, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, salivation, incoordination, seizures, pupil dilation, increased heart rate, trembling and nervousness.
Safety
Nitenpyram is considered safe for pregnant and lactating animals. It has a wide margin of safety. Adult dogs and cats were dosed up to 10 times a therapeutic dose daily for 1 month without adverse effects.
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments
Nitenpyram is indicated as a flea adulticide in dogs and cats. It does
not kill ticks, flea eggs, larvae or immature fleas. Nitenpyram may
be effective for treating fly larvae (maggots) of various species.
in vivo
Nitenpyram is administered orally (1 mg/kg) for the short-term control of fleas in dogs and cats. Fleas start to fall from the animals 30 minutes post-administration and one dose can protect animals for 1-2 days[1].
Since Nitenpyram is highly lipophilic, it is administered orally after the meal in order to induce bile flow to help dissolve the chemical, thereby increasing GI absorption of the drug. It is rapidly and completely absorbed from the GI tract in less than 90 minutes and is completely excreted in urine within 48 hours after oral administration to dogs and cats. Nitenpyram undergoes hydroxylation, followed by conjugation in the liver. The conjugates of Nitenpyram are excreted in the urine and Nitenpyram is not accumulated in body tissues. The plasma half-life of Nitenpyram in dogs and cats are 3 and 8 hours, respectively. It is likely that animals with liver and/or kidney problems may have longer plasma half-life of Nitenpyram[1].
Pesticide Type
Insecticide; Veterinary substance
