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• Physical Properties

  Green cubic crystal; refractive index 2.16; density 5.37 g/cm3 at 23°C; Moh’s hardness 5.5; melts at 1945°C; insoluble in water. ;

• Occurrence and Uses

  Manganese(II) oxide is used in the fertilizer industry as a source of manganese in fertilizers; in feedstuff formulations; and as an intermediate in the production of several manganese compounds. ;

• Production

  Manganese(II) oxide is obtained commercially from manganese(IV) oxide (manganese dioxide) by the reduction with hydrogen, carbon monoxide or methane at elevated temperatures (>800°C):
  MnO2 + CO → MnO + CO2
  MnO2 + H2 → MnO + H2O
  The oxide also can be made by thermal decomposition of manganese(II) carbonate or manganese(II) oxalate in the absence of air:
  MnCO3 → MnO + CO2
  Also, careful dehydration of manganese(II) hydroxide, Mn(OH)2, under controlled conditions in the absence of air yields MnO. ;

• Reactions

  Manganese(II) oxide is the lowest oxide of manganese and it is purely a basic oxide. It reacts with acids to form their manganese(II) salts:
  MnO + H2SO4 → MnSO4 + H2O
  MnO + 2HCl → MnCl2 + H2O
  The compound also is oxidized by air or oxygen to higher oxides of manganese. When heated cautiously in air, the product is manganese sesquioxide or manganese(III) oxide:
  4MnO + O2 → 2Mn2O3 ;

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