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• General description

  cuprous oxide appears as dark red cubic crystal or orange-yellow crystalline powder, being toxic. It has a relative density of 6.04 with the melting point being 1235 ° C. When being heated to 1800 °C, it can undergo decomposition and release oxygen. Although it can be stably presented, it can be gradually oxidized into copper oxide in wet air. It is insoluble in water and ethanol, being soluble in dilute sulfuric acid and can subject to disproportionation into copper sulfate and metal copper. When dissolved in nitric acid, it can be oxidized into copper nitrate. It can be dissolved in concentrated hydrochloric acid or ammonia and respectively generate stable complex H3 [CuCl4] or colorless complex [Cu (NH3) 2] +. The latter one can be easily oxidized by air to blue [Cu (NH3) 4] 2+.
  Cuprous oxide is presented in nature in the form of cuprite. It can be obtained through adding appropriate amount of hydrazine hydrate into the copper acetate solution or adding the reducing agent such as glucose to the alkaline solution (add sodium potassium tartrate or citrate to prevent the precipitation of copper hydroxide) of copper salt. According to the preparation method and particle size, cuprous oxide has different sizes including yellow, red or brown colors.
  Copper oxide can be used as the coloring agent (red) for the manufacture of red glass, red porcelain glaze and ceramic, ship bottom paint, agricultural fungicides, organic synthesis catalyst, rectifier materials and bottom coatings, also used in electroplating industry and used as organic synthesis catalyst. Cuprous oxide can also be used as a reducing agent in the determination of nitrogen content in azo compounds.
  The method for industrial preparation of cuprous oxide is through the calcination of precipitated copper powder and copper oxide mixture in sealed closed system.
  
  cuprous oxide powder ;

• Chemical properties

  Cuprous oxide is a yellow to red crystalline powder. The color difference is caused by the size of the particles. The structure is red copper type structure (cubic crystal system). The relative density: 6.04; the melting point: 1232 °C with the heat of formation being 166.67 kJ/mol. In 1800 °C, it will lose oxygen, being insoluble in water and soluble in ammonia with the action with concentrated hydrochloric acid producing white cuprous chloride crystal powder.
  Copper oxide contains excess amount of oxygen atoms with the appearance of holes of Cu + lattice that plays a role in receiving electrons. It is a P-type semiconductor. The energy level is about 1.5 eV with the accepting energy level being 0.3~0.5 eV above the valence band. In addition, it is well known that the spectrum of the absorption excitation atoms represents the configuration of hydrogen atoms.
  It can absorb carbon dioxide at room temperature, but can be released upon being heated in the 60~70 °C. Copper oxide, when being reduced with hydrogen at 150 °C, can be converted to cuprous oxide; if there is oxygen, after appropriate heating (200 °C), cuprous oxide can return back to copper oxide, taking this property, we can remove the trace amount of oxygen contained in the nitrogen gas, 2CuO + H2 = Cu2O + H2O 2Cu2O + O2 + N2 = 4CuO + N2.
  This product can be reacted with concentrated hydrochloric acid, generating white crystalline powder of cuprous chloride.
  The industrial manufacturing process of cuprous oxide is to use the metal copper to reduce the copper oxide mineral, or take the copper as the electrode to electrolyze the sodium chloride solution. Cuprous oxide is toxic and can be used as a germicide for agricultural crops; it can be incorporated into the ship bottom paint to prevent the growth of algae and shellfish attached to the bottom of the ship. Cuprous oxide has semiconductor properties and is commonly used to be packed with copper into a cuprous rectifier. Cuprous oxide, acetic acid and ammonia can be formulated into acetate diammonium solution, being a excellent copper ammonia lotion being able to absorb carbon monoxide, used to wash away small amount of the carbon monoxide impurities during the production of hydrogen gas using water gas system in small-scale ammonia plant. Preparation and absorption reaction:
  Cu2O + 2HAc + 4NH3 = 2 [Cu (NH3) 2] Ac + H2O
  [Cu (NH3)2] Ac + CO + NH3 = [Cu (NH3) 3] Ac • CO
  The cuprammonium lotion, after absorbing the carbon monoxide, after heat treatment under reduced pressure, can be recycled for usage. The diamminecopper coordination ion solution formulated by cuprous oxide is easy to react with oxygen, being commonly used as a gas deaerator.;

• Germicide

  Cuprous oxide is a protective germicide, being able to effectively inhibit mycelial growth and cause destruction of its reproductive organs, being able to prevent the spread. It can be used for seed treatment and foliar spray. It can be used in seeds dressing for the prevention of powdery mildew, leaf spot disease, blight, scab and rot disease. It can be applied to the seed soaking of spinach, beet, tomato, pepper, pea, pumpkin, kidney bean and melon as well as to spraying for preventing and curing fruit tree disease. It can also be used for seed dressing, killing slugs and snails.;

• Toxicity

  This product dust, when presented at a air content of being 0.22~14 mg/m3, can cause acute poisoning at 1~2 h after work, manifested as headache, weakness, pharynx and conjunctival redness, nausea, muscle pain, and sometimes vomiting and diarrhea, fatigue and the increase of the body temperature. At one day later, the body temperature can return to normal, but the people can still feel weak and suffer from headache, dizziness, rapid pulse and increased lymphocytes. Chronic poisoning is manifested as: the local skin, hair and conjunctiva of workers exposed to copper compounds sometimes become yellowish green or dark green; the gum of them exhibit dark red or crimson edge.
  It is irritant to skin with the dust can stimulate to the eyes and cause corneal ulcers.
  For acute poisoning, people should use certain amount of K4 [Fe (CN) 6] solution for gastric lavage or drink milk.
  The maximum allowable concentration in air is 0.1 mg/m3.
  People can wear masks, dust-proof glasses, wear protective overalls. People need to take shower after work.;

• Chemical properties

  It appears as red or dark red octahedral cubic crystalline powder. It is insoluble in water and alcohol, soluble in hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride, and ammonia and slightly soluble in nitric acid. It, when dissolved in hydrochloric acid, can produce whitecrystalline cuprous chloride powder. It can be dissolved in concentrated alkali and ferric chloride solution.;

• Uses

  1. It can be used for coating of ship bottom coating, pesticide germicide, and glaze and used for copper oxide rectifier, photocell, electroplating and copper salt production.
  2. It can be used in the manufacture of antifouling paint (used to kill low-level marine animals), pesticides, and various copper salts, analytical reagents and red glass. It can also be used in the rectifier plating in the electrical industry. It can also be used as the coloring agent for ceramic and enamel.
  3. It can be used as analytical reagents and germicide.
  4. It can be used as the reducing agent for determination of nitrogen content in azo compounds, red glaze, electroplating, germicide, red glass, ship bottom paint, plant seeds sterilization and catalyst.;

• Production method

  Dry copper powder, after the removal of impurities, is mixed with copper oxide and sent into the calcination furnace for being heated to 800~900 ℃ to be calcined into cuprous oxide. After taking out, use a magnet to suck the mechanical impurities and then smashed to 325 meshes, making cuprous oxide products. If taking copper sulfate as raw materials, we should first use iron to reduce the copper contained in the copper sulfate out. The subsequent reaction steps are the same as that of the method using copper powder as raw material. Its reaction process is:
  Cu + CuO→Cu2O
  Glucose reduction method will be copper sulfate solution mixed with glucose and sodium hydroxide solution was added to the reaction, the formation of cuprous oxide, filtered, rinsed, dried crushed system in the cuprous oxide products.
  CuSO4 + 2NaOH → Na2SO4 + Cu (OH) 2 ↓
  2Cu (OH) 2 + CH2OH (CHOH) 4CHO → Cu2O ↓ + 2H2O + CH20H (CHOH) 4COOH
  Electrolytic method: in the iron-lined electrolytic cell with PVC lining, copper plate is used as anode and copper plate as cathode, potassium chromate is used as additive and salt solution as electrolyte, which contains 290 to 310 g/L of sodium chloride, 0.3 to 0.5 g/L of potassium chromate. Electrolysis is carried out under the condition that the temperature is 70-90 °C, Ph is 8 to 12 and the current density is 1500 A/m2, we can produce cuprous oxide with the precipitate being separated, rinsed, filtered and dried to obtain cuprous oxide. Its reaction is:
  Cathode reaction: 2H ++ 2e → H2O ↑
  Anodic reaction: Cu-2e → Cu +
  2Cu ++ 2C1-→ Cu2C12
  Cu2C12 + 2NaOH → Cu2O ↓ + H2O + 2NaCl;

• Hazards & Safety Information

  Category : Pesticides
  Toxicity grading: highly toxic
  Acute Toxicity: Oral-rat LD50 470 mg/kg; celiac-mouse LD50: 380 mg/kg
  Flammability and Hazardous properties: Non-combustible with fire producing toxic copper-containing fumes
  Storage and transportation characteristics : Treasury should be of low temperature, good ventilation and being drying; store it separately from food raw materials.
  Fire extinguishing agent :   water, carbon dioxide, dry powder, sand
  Professional Standard :  TWA 0.1 mg Cu/m3; STEL 0.2 mg Cu/m3;

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