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Бром

английское имяGovernment regulation
CAS №7726-95-6
CBNumberCB7714553
ФормулаBr2
мольный вес159.81
EINECS231-778-1
номер MDLMFCD00010896
файл Mol7726-95-6.mol

химическое свойство

Температура плавления	−7.2 °C(lit.)
Температура кипения	58.8 °C(lit.)
плотность	3.119 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
плотность пара	7.14 (vs air)
давление пара	175 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Fp	113 °C
температура хранения	2-8°C
растворимость	35g/l
форма	Liquid
Удельный вес	3.119
цвет	Red-brown
Запах	Odor can be detected at concentrations as low as 0.05 ppm; exposure to concentrations below 1 ppm causes lacrimation.
удельное сопротивление	7.8E18 μΩ-cm, 20°C
Растворимость в воде	35 g/L (20 ºC)
Мерк	13,1378
Пределы воздействия	TLV-TWA 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m³) (ACGIH, MSHA, NIOSH, and OSHA); TLV-STEL 0.3 ppm (ACGIH); IDLH 10 ppm (NIOSH).
Стабильность	Stable. Incompatible with reducing agents, alkali metals, powdered metals, steel, iron, copper, organic materials.
Справочник по базе данных CAS	7726-95-6(CAS DataBase Reference)
Справочник по химии NIST	Bromine(7726-95-6)
Система регистрации веществ EPA	Bromine(7726-95-6)

больше

Заявления об опасности и безопасности

Коды опасности

T+,C,N,T

Заявления о рисках

26-35-50-40-22-46-45

Заявления о безопасности

26-45-61-7/9-36/37/39-28-53

РИДАДР

UN 1744 8/PG 1

WGK Германия

RTECS

EF9100000

TSCA

Yes

кода HS

2801 30 90

Класс опасности

Группа упаковки

Токсичность

LD50 oral (rat) 2600 mg/kg
LC50 inhal (rat) 2700 mg/m3
PEL (OSHA) 0.1 ppm
TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 0.1 ppm (0.7 mg/m3)
STEL (ACGIH) 0.3 ppm (2 mg/m3)

NFPA 704:

	0
3		0
	OX

рисовальное письмо(GHS)

рисовальное письмо(GHS)
сигнальный язык

опасность
вредная бумага

H302：Вредно при проглатывании.

H400：Чрезвычайно токсично для водных организмов.

H351：Предполагается, что данное вещество вызывает раковые заболевания.

H314：При попадании на кожу и в глаза вызывает химические ожоги.

H330：Смертельно при вдыхании.

H331：Токсично при вдыхании.

H340：Может вызывать генетические дефекты.
оператор предупредительных мер

P201：Беречь от тепла, горячих поверхностей, искр, открытого огня и других источников воспламенения. Не курить.

P260：Не вдыхать газ/ пары/ пыль/ аэрозоли/ дым/ туман.

P261：Избегать вдыхания пыли/ дыма/ газа/ тумана/ паров/ аэрозолей.

P273：Избегать попадания в окружающую среду.

P280：Использовать перчатки/ средства защиты глаз/ лица.

P284：Использовать средства защиты органовдыхания.

P303+P361+P353：ПРИ ПОПАДАНИИ НА КОЖУ (или волосы): Снять/удалить немедленно всю загрязненную одежду. Промыть кожу водой.

P304+P340：ПРИ ВДЫХАНИИ: Свежий воздух, покой.

P305+P351+P338：ПРИ ПОПАДАНИИ В ГЛАЗА: Осторожно промыть глаза водой в течение нескольких минут. Снять контактные линзы, если Вы ими пользуетесь и если это легко сделать. Продолжить промывание глаз.

P310：Немедленно обратиться за медицинской помощью.

P405：Хранить в недоступном для посторонних месте.

Бром химические свойства, назначение, производство

Химические свойства

Butane, CH3(CH2)2CH3, also known as n-butane and methyl-ethyl methane,is a colorless gas that occurs in natural gas and is obtained by cracking petroleum. It is used as a refrigerant and as a fuel.

Физические свойства

Bromine is a thick, dark-red liquid with a high density. It is the only nonmetallic elementthat is a liquid at normal room temperatures. (The other element that is liquid at room temperaturesis the metal mercury.) Bromine’s density is 3.12g/cm³, which is three times the density ofwater. Its vapor is much denser than air, and when it is poured into a beaker, the fumes hug thebottom of the container. Bromine’s melting point is –72°C, and its boiling point is 58.8°C.

Изотопы

There are a total of 40 isotopes of bromine. Of these, only two are stable: Br-79constitutes 50.69% of the stable bromine found on Earth, and Br-81 makes up 49.31%of the naturally occurring abundance. All the other isotopes of bromine are radioactivewith half-lives ranging from 1.2 nanoseconds to 16.2 hours.

Происхождение имени

Named for the Greek word bromos, which means “stench.”

Вхождение

Bromine is the 62nd most abundant element found on Earth. Although it is not founduncombined in nature, it is widely distributed over the Earth in low concentrations. It isfound in seawater at a concentration of 65 ppm. This concentration is too low for the bromineto be extracted directly, so the salt water must be concentrated, along with chlorine and othersalts, by solar evaporation, distillation, or both.
Most of the commercial bromine that is recovered comes from underground salt minesand deep brine wells. A major source is the deep brine wells found in the state of Arkansas and Great Salt Lake of Utah in the United States. This brine contains about one-half percentbromine. Chlorine gas is added to hot brine that oxidizes the bromine ions in solution, whichis then collected as elemental bromine. It is also commercially produced, along with potash,from evaporation of the high-salt-content water of the Dead Sea, which is 1290 feet below sealevel and is located on the borders of the Middle Eastern countries of Israel and Jordan.

Характеристики

Bromine is a very reactive nonmetallic element, located between chlorine and iodine in theperiodic table. Bromine gas fumes are very irritating and toxic and will cause severe burns ifspilled on the skin.
Bromine is soluble in most organic solvents and only slightly soluble in H2O. Liquid brominewill attack most metals, even platinum.

Использование

manufacture of organic and inorganic chemicals, such as fuel additives, fire retardants, pesticides, oil well drilling fluids, pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs. In water disinfection; as bleaching agent, surface disinfectant.

Определение

Nonmetallic halogen element of atomic number 35, group VIIA of the periodic table. Valences 1, 3, 5 (valence of 7 also reported). There are two stable isotopes.

Общее описание

A reddish-brown aqueous solution. The solubility of bromine in water equals 0.33 mg/ mL.

Реакции воздуха и воды

Slightly soluble in water.

Профиль реактивности

BROMINE SOLUTION is an oxidizing agent. Bromine disproportionates rapidly in basic water to give bromide ion and bromate ion. The latter is also an oxidizing agent. Dissolution lowers reactivity compared to pure bromine. Reacts with reducing reagents. Reacts with hydrogen, diethylzinc, dimethylformamide, ammonia, trimethylamine, nitromethane, metal azides (silver or sodium azide). Can react with Mg, Sr, B, Al, Hg, Ti, Sn, Sb in powder or sheet form, to form bromides. Can react with methanol, ethanol, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, diethyl ether, carbonyl compounds, tetrahydrofuran, acrylonitrile, ozone, phosphorus, natural rubber. Reactions with red phosphorus, metal azides, nitromethane, silane and its homologues may be vigorous.[Bretherick, 5th ed., 1995, p. 109].

Опасность

Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, severe skin irritant. Strong oxidizing agent, may ignite combustible materials on contact. Upper and lower respiratory tract irritant, and lung damage.

Угроза здоровью

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

Пожароопасность

Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated.

Воспламеняемость и взрывоопасность

Bromine alone is a noncombustible substance (NFPA rating = 0).

Возможный контакт

Bromine is primarily used in the manufacture of gasoline antiknock compounds (1,2-dibromoethane). Other uses are for gold extraction; in brominating hydrocarbons; in bleaching fibers and silk; in the manufacture of military gas, dyestuffs; and as an oxidizing agent. It is used in the manufacture of many pharmaceuticals and pesticides.

хранилище

work with bromine should be conducted in a fume hood to prevent exposure by inhalation, and splash goggles and rubber gloves should be worn at all times when handling this corrosive substance. Containers of bromine should be stored at room temperature in a secondary container separately from readily oxidizable substances.

Перевозки

Bromine UN1744 Hazard class: 8; Labels: 8— Corrosive material; 6.1—Poison Inhalation Hazard, Inhalation Hazard Zone A. Bromine solutions, Hazard class: 8; Labels: 8—Corrosives materials; 6.1—Poison Inhalation Hazard, Inhalation Hazard Zone A; Bromine solutions, Hazard class: 8 Labels: 8—Corrosive material; 6.1—Poison Inhalation Hazard, Inhalation Hazard Zone B.

Методы очистки

Reflux the brown liquid with solid KBr and distil, then dry the distillate by shaking it with an equal volume of conc H2SO4, then redistil it. The H2SO4 treatment can be replaced by direct distillation from BaO or P2O5 A more extensive purification [Hildenbrand et al. J Am Chem Soc 80 4129 1958] is to reflux about 1L of bromine for 1hour with a mixture of 16g of CrO3 in 200mL of conc H2SO4 (to remove organic material). The bromine is distilled into a clean, dry, glass-stoppered bottle, and chlorine is removed by dissolving ca 25g of freshly fused CsBr in 500mL of the bromine and standing overnight. To remove HBr and water, the bromine is then distilled back and forth through a train containing alternate tubes of MgO and P2O5. [Schmeisser in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed. Brauer) Academic Press Vol I p 275 1963.] HIGHLY TOXIC.

Несовместимости

A powerful oxidizer. May cause fire and explosions in contact with organic or other readily oxidizable materials. Contact with aqueous ammonia, acetaldehyde, acetylene, acrylonitrile, or with metals, may cause violent reactions. Anhydrous Br2 reacts with aluminum, titanium, mercury, potassium; wet Br2 with other metals. Also incompatible with alcohols, antimony, alkali hydroxides, arsenites, boron, calcium nitrite, cesium monoxide, carbonyls, dimethyl formamide, ethyl phosphine, fluorine, ferrous and mercurous salts; germanium, hypophosphites, iron carbide, isobutyronphenone, magnesium phosphide, methanol, nickel carbonyl, olefins, ozone, sodium and many other substances. Attacks some coatings, and some forms of plastic and rubber. Corrodes iron, steel, stainless steel; and copper.

Утилизация отходов

Large volumes of concentrated solutions of reducing agents (bisulfites or ferrous salts) may be added. The mixture is neutralized with soda ash or dilute HCl and flushed to the sewer with large volumes of water.

Бром запасные части и сырье

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