Нитрофурантоин

Химические свойства

lemon yellow crystalline powder

Показания

Like nitrofurazone, nitrofurantoin is an effective drug that acts on a number of Grampositive and Gram-negative microorganisms (staphylococci, streptococci, dysentery bacillus, colon bacillus, paratyphoid bacillus, and others). It is primarily used for treating infectious diseases of the urinary tract (pyelitis, pyelonephritis, cystitis, urethritis). Synonyms of this drug are furadonin, ituran, phenurin, urolong, cistofuran, nitrofurin, and many others.

Определение

ChEBI: An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.

Антимикробная активность

It is active against almost all the common urinary pathogens, except Proteus mirabilis. It is bactericidal.
It antagonizes the activity of nalidixic acid and other quinolones in vitro, but this combination is unlikely to be used clinically.

Приобретенная устойчивость

Surprisingly for an agent that has been used for so long, resistance remains uncommon. R-factor-mediated resistance has been reported, but this appears to be very unusual. The mechanism of resistance seems to be a decreased nitroreductase activity in the target organism.
There is cross-resistance within the nitrofuran group, but none with antibiotics of other chemical classes.

Общее описание

Odorless lemon yellow crystals or fine yellow powder. Bitter taste.

Реакции воздуха и воды

Insoluble in water.

Профиль реактивности

Nitrofurantoin is sensitive to light. Nitrofurantoin is incompatible with alkalis. Nitrofurantoin is also incompatible with strong oxidizers and strong acids. Nitrofurantoin decomposes on contact with metals other than stainless steel and aluminum.

Опасность

Questionable carcinogen.

Пожароопасность

Flash point data for Nitrofurantoin are not available; however, Nitrofurantoin is probably combustible.

Фармацевтические приложения

A synthetic compound available only for oral administration. There are three formulations, differing in their crystalline nature: microcrystalline, macrocrystalline, and a delayedrelease preparation containing a combination of the two. The macrocrystalline form is said to be less liable to give rise to the most common adverse event, nausea. However, pharmacokinetic and clinical trial evidence for this assertion is not very strong.
It is slightly soluble in water (c. 200 mg/L) but more so in dilute alkali. Solubility in ethanol is modest (500 mg/L), but the compound dissolves very well in dimethylformamide (80 g/L). If packaged in light-resistant containers and kept at room temperature, it is stable for more than 5 years. The yellow solution should be kept in the dark.

Клиническое использование

Acute dysuria and frequency
Bacteriuria in pregnancy
Prophylaxis of recurrent cystitis (reduced dosage)

Профиль безопасности

Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Human systemic effects: peripheral motor nerve recording changes, ataxia, changes in urine composition, and hemolysis with or without anemia. Human reproductive effects by ingestion: spermatogenesis. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. Questionable carcinogen with experimental neoplastigenic data. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.