Битионол

Химические свойства

Bithionol is a white or grayish powder with a slight phenolic odor.

Физические свойства

Bithionol is virtually insoluble in water, readily soluble in ethanol, diethyl ether, acetone, glacial acetic acid, and dilute alkalis.

Использование

anthelmintic, antiseptic

Определение

ChEBI: An aryl sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which each phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by hydroxy and at positions 3 and 5 by chlorine. A fungicide and anthelmintic, it was used in various topical drug products for the treatment of liver flukes, ut withdrawn after being shown to be a potent photosensitizer with the potential to cause serious skin disorders.

Показания

Bithionol (Actamer) is a phenolic derivative whose mode of action is related to uncoupling of parasitespecific fumarate reductase–mediated oxidative phosphorylation. The drug is administered orally and is absorbed from the intestinal tract. Peak blood levels are achieved in 4 to 8 hours. Excretion is mainly by the kidneys.
Bithionol is used in treatment of F. hepatica infections and as an alternative to praziquantel in the treatment of infestation by P. westermani. It is highly active against the adult worm but exerts no action against the migratory stages. A second course of treatment is required for complete cure in 20 to 30% of patients.
Side effects are generally mild and transient; they include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, urticaria, and other skin rashes in 50% of patients.

Всемирная организация здравоохранения(ВОЗ)

Bithionol, which has bactericidal and anthelminthic activity, was formerly available in soaps. By the late 1960s use of such preparations had been associated with a risk of photosensitivity reactions and cross-sensitivity with other halogenated disinfectants. This resulted in their withdrawal in the USA. Oral preparations of bithionol remain available for the treatment of paragonimiasis and fascioliasis.

Общее описание

White or grayish white crystalline powder with a very faint aromatic or phenolic odor.

Реакции воздуха и воды

Insoluble in water.

Профиль реактивности

Bithionol is incompatible with acids, diazo and azo compounds, halocarbons, isocyanates, aldehydes, alkali metals, nitrides, hydrides, and other strong reducing agents. Reactions with these materials may generate heat and toxic or flammable gases.

Опасность

Toxic by ingestion.

Угроза здоровью

ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: Bithionol is a skin irritant. When heated to decomposition or upon contact with acid or acid fumes, toxic fumes are evolved.

Пожароопасность

Flash point data is not available for Bithionol, but Bithionol is probably combustible.

Механизм действия

Biothionol is bis-dichlorophenol, and it is structurally similar to hexachlorophene. It is the antihelmintic drug of choice for treating humans infected with Fasciola hepatica. It is an alternative drug to praziquantel that is used for treating pulmonary and cerebral paragonimiasis. The exact mechanism of action is not known, although it seems likely that it inhibits oxidative phosphorylation in Paeagonumus westermani. Synonyms of this drug are actamer, bitin, prevenol, and others.

Клиническое использование

2,2’-Thiobis(4,6-dichlorophenol), or bis(2-hydroxy-3,5-dichlorophenyl)sulfide (Lorothidol, Bithin), a chlorinatedbisphenol, was formerly used in soaps and cosmetics for itsantimicrobial properties but was removed from the marketfor topical use because of reports of contact photodermatitis.Bithionol has useful anthelmintic properties and hasbeen used as a fasciolicide and taeniacide. It is still consideredthe agent of choice for the treatment of infestationscaused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica and the lungfluke Paragonimus westermani. Niclosamide is believed tobe superior to it for the treatment of tapeworm infestations.

Возможный контакт

It is used as a surfactant-formulated antimicrobial against bacteria, molds and yeast. It is proposed as an agricultural fungicide. Other uses include deodorant, germicide, fungistat, and in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals. It is no longer allowed to be used in cosmetics. A food additive in feed and drinking water of animals. Also a food additive permitted in food for human consumption.

Перевозки

UN2811 Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 6.1; Labels: 6.1—Poisonous materials, Technical Name Required.

Несовместимости

Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides.