Adenosine triphosphate

Описание

Adenosine triphosphate, also known as ATP, is a molecule that carries energy within cells. It is one of the most important biological compounds because of its role in supplying energy for life. ATP is the universal energy carrier used by all organisms to supply energy for biological functions. It is often referred to as the energy currency of cells.
ATP also functions as a neurotransmitter that is stored and secreted with other neurotransmitters from the pancreas. ATP is a nucleotide consisting of the nucleoside adenosine with three attached phosphate groups (see Adenine). Like other nucleotides, ATP consists of three parts: a sugar, an amine base, and a phosphate group. The central part of the molecule in ATP is the sugar ribose. The amine base adenine is attached to the ribose, forming adenosine. Opposite the adenine on the ribose is attached a chain of three phosphate groups.

Химические свойства

The structure of Adenosine triphosphate has an ordered carbon compound as a backbone, but the part that is really critical is the phosphorous part - the triphosphate. Three phosphorous groups are connected by oxygens to each other, and there are also side oxygens connected to the phosphorous atoms. Under the normal conditions in the body, each of these oxygens has a negative charge, and therefore repel each other. These bunched up negative charges want to escape - to get away from each other, so there is a lot of potential energy here.
If you remove just one of these phosphate groups from the end, so that there are just two phosphate groups, the molecule is much happier. This conversion from ATP to ADP is an extremely crucial reaction for the supplying of energy for life processes. Just the cutting of one bond with the accompanying rearrangement is sufficient to liberate about 7.3 kilocalories per mole = 30.6 kJ/mol. This is about the same as the energy in a single peanut.
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История

ATP was first isolated by the German chemist Karl Lohmann (1898–1978) from muscle tissue extracts in 1929. Alexander Todd’s (1907–1997) research helped to clarify ATP’s structure, and it was first synthesized by Todd in 1948.

Использование

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) plays a critical role in the transport of macromolecules such as proteins and lipids into and out of the cell.  The hydrolysis of ATP provides the required energy for active transport mechanisms to carry such molecules across a concentration gradient.

Синтез

ATP is synthesized in organisms by several related mechanisms. Oxidative phosphorylation is the main process that aerobic organisms use to produce ATP. Oxidative phosphorylation produces ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi) from the oxidation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) by molecular oxygen in the cell’s mitochondria.
Glycolysis is another process that generates ATP. Glycolysis converts glucose into pyruvate and in the process also forms NADH and ATP. The process can be represented as: Glucose + 2ADP + 2NAD⁺ + 2Pi → 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H⁺. In this reaction Pi represents free inorganic phosphate. The rate of glycolysis in the body is inversely related to the amount of available ATP. Pyruvate produced by glycolysis can enter the Krebs cycle, producing more ATP.

Определение

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level. It is an adenosine 5'-phosphate in which the 5'-phosphate is a triphosphate group. It is involved in the transportation of chemical energy during metabolic pathways.

Сельскохозяйственное использование

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide of fundamental importance as a carrier of chemical energy in all living organisms. The most important function of phosphorus in a plant system is to store and transfer energy. During biochemical processes, ATP gets synthesized to store releasable energy with the breakdown of ATP to adenosine triphosphate (ADP) and to phosphate ion by dephosphorylation. Here, ADP and ATP act as energy currency within the plant.

Профиль безопасности

Poison by intraperitoneal route.Human mutation data reported. When heated todecomposition it emits toxic fumes of POx and NOx.

Методы очистки

ATP is purified by precipitating it as the barium salt on adding excess barium acetate solution to a 5% solution of ATP in water. The precipitate is filtered off, washed with distilled water, dissolved in 0.2M HNO3 and again precipitated with barium acetate. The precipitate, after several washings with distilled water, is redissolved in 0.2M HNO3, and slightly more than an equivalent of 0.2M H2SO4 is added to precipitate all the barium as BaSO4 which is filtered off. The ATP is then precipitated by addition of a large excess of 95% ethanol. It is filtered off, washed several times with 100% EtOH and finally with dry diethyl ether. It is dried in vacuo. [Kashiwagi & Rabinovitch J Phys Chem 59 498 1955, Beilstein 26 III/IV 3654.]