What is β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide?

General Description

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), is a very important and essential coenzyme formed by the union of two nucleotides covalently bond to each other by their phosphates group. NAD is present in cells either in its oxidative form or in its reduced form, NAD+ and NADH respectively. They take part in many redox reactions, carrying electrons from one molecule to another.

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) plays a major role in metabolism as a cofactor and mobile electron acceptor. NAD+ is a required oxidizing cosubstrate for many enzymes. It is reduced to NADH (Cat# N-035) which carries electrons to the electron transport chain for subsequent oxidative phorphorylation and ATP production. NAD+ is capable of donating ADP-ribose moieties to a protein, producing nicotinamide in the process. Sirtuin enzymes use NAD+ as a substrate to deacetylate proteins and direct activity between the nucleus and mitochondria. NAD+ is regenerated by fermentation and by oxidative phosphorylation.

Application

β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide is a coeznyme consisting of an adenine base and a nicotinamide base connected by a pair of bridging phosphate group. β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide acts as a c oenzyme in redox reactions, as a donor of ADP-ribose moieties in ADP-ribosylation reactions and also as a precursor of the second messenger molecule cyclic ADP-ribose. β-Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleot ide also acts as a substrate for bacterial DNA ligases and a group of enzymes called sirtuins that use NAD+ to remove acetyl groups from proteins.    

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD) has been used for the preparation of deacetylated tubulin. It has also been used for UDP-glucose-6-hydrogenase (UGDH) enzyme activity assay of orital fibroblast cell lysates.

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD) is a neuromodulator and an inhibitory neurotransmitter. It is an agonist for purinergic (P2Y1) receptors.

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) and β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced (NADH) comprise a coenzyme redox pair (NAD+:NADH) involved in a wide range of enzyme catalyzed oxidation reduction reactions. In addition to its redox function, NAD+/NADH is a donor of ADP-ribose units in ADP-ribosylaton (ADP-ribosyltransferases; poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases ) reactions and a precursor of cyclic ADP-ribose (ADP-ribosyl cyclases).

Biological Activity

NAD+, known more formally as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, is a signaling molecule as well as a cofactor or substrate for many enzymes. It acts as an oxidizing agent, accepting electrons from other molecules while being converted to its reduced form, NADH. NAD+ is also essential for the activity of several enzymes, including poly(ADP)-ribose polymerases and cADP-ribose synthases. For example, it is used by some sirtuins to mediate protein deacetylation, producing O-acetyl-ADP-ribose and nicotinamide as well as the deacetylated protein.

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NICotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is involved in various physiological activities such as cell metabolism, energy synthesis and DNA repair, and plays an important role in immune function of the body. In a healthy state, the concentration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the human body is stable, maintaining the normal function of various cells. The concentration of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in vivo determines the process and degree of cell senescence, and the decrease of concentration accelerates the process of cell senescence. Studies have shown that NAD+ has a protective effect on renal infarction caused by ischemic surgery, and can significantly reduce serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels. NAD+ has a protective effect on renal tubule injury induced by ischemic surgery. NAD + (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, Nicotinamideadeninedinucleotide, NAD +) can effectively protect the kidney ischemia caused by kidney damage, NAD + in the preparation of drug prevention and treatment of renal ischemic injury has important application value. In addition, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide has certain application in the preparation of drugs for the treatment of inflammatory pain. NAD+ participates in the regulation of formalin and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced inflammatory pain through NAD+ dependent deacetylases SIRT1 and SIRT2. SIRT1 and SIRT2 participate in the inhibitory effect of NAD+ on inflammatory pain through different mechanisms, thus achieving analgesic effect on inflammatory pain.

Preparation

The preparation method of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide proposed by CN201511022464.3 includes the following steps: S1. Cell fragmentation: Yeast cells were added into hydrochloric acid aqueous solution and soaked for 0.5-2.5h. After temperature difference treatment, the wall was broken and filtered by ceramic membrane, filtrate was taken to obtain clear liquid A; 

S2. Concentration: Ultrafiltration of clear liquid A obtained from S1 and nanofiltration of ultrafiltrate was used to obtain concentrated solution B. Hydrochloric acid solution was used to adjust the pH of concentrated solution B to 2-2.5 to obtain concentrated solution C. 

S3, elution: the concentrated solution C obtained from S2 was passed through D152 resin column and eluted with ammonia water to collect the eluent D. After adjusting the pH value of eluent D with hydrochloric acid solution to 7-8, the comprehensive solution E was passed through 717 resin column and eluted with potassium chloride solution. 

S4. Separation: Nanofiltration of complex solution E from S3 to concentrate solution F; The pH of concentrated solution F was adjusted to 1-3 by nitric acid solution, and acetone was added to precipitate and centrifuged to obtain solid G. 

S5. Purification: Solid G obtained from S4 was dissolved in water, followed by preparation chromatography, desalting, separation, collection of separation solution, concentration, and freeze-drying to obtain nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

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