Application researches of 1-tetradecanol

Introduction

1-Tetradecanol (TD；Figure.1) is a readily available, nontoxic fatty alcohol with high thermal energy storage and low under cooling. 1-Tetradecanol has found utility in thermal energy storage for buildings and batteries. With a phase transition temperature between 34 and 42℃, 1-Tetradecanol aligns closely with the optimal comfort zone for human skin (around 37±4℃). Herein some application researches of 1-tetradecanol will be introduced in this report.[1]

1-Tetradecanol phase change material microcapsules coating on cotton fabric for enhanced thermoregulation

Rising climate change and extreme weather conditions underpin thermoregulation limitations of conventional textiles. This study investigates enhancing the thermal properties of cotton fabric by incorporating synthesized 1-tetradecanol (TD) phase change material (PCM) microcapsules. Characterization of the TD microcapsules was performed using dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The microcapsules (average size of 0.49μm) displayed a melting enthalpy (∆Hm) of 105 J/g and a crystallization enthalpy (∆Hc) of 51J/g. The microcapsules were mixed with the acrylic binder in three different ratios (75:25, 50:50, and 25:75). Hydrothermal, knife-over-roll, and pad-dry-cure methods were employed for coating microcapsules to cotton fabric. Microcapsule coating on cotton fabric using hydrothermal coating with a 75:25 microcapsule binder ratio achieved the highest add-on (55%) and good durability after 25 home washes. The thermal insulation R-value of the coated fabric was enhanced (0.0029 m2K/W) at 40°C. The real-time test showed a temperature difference of 2.8°C and thermal imaging displayed lower emissivity for 1-tetradecanol-coated fabric. The 1-tetradecanol microcapsule coating offers a promising method for developing climate-responsive textiles, enhancing thermal comfort, and reducing energy consumption in heating and cooling systems.[1]

Inhibitory effect of 1-tetradecanol on HP-induced production of IL-8 and VEGF

 Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection activates pro-inflammatory mediators, including interleukin (IL)-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in gastric epithelial cells. 1-Tetradecanol  has been purified from Dendropanax morbifera Leveille; its physiological activities are poorly understood. The present study assessed whether 1-tetradecanol has an effect on H. pylori-mediated inflammation in AGS gastric epithelial cells. 1-Tetradecanol reduced IL-8 production by AGS cells in response to H. pylori in a significant and dosedependent manner, as measured by ELISA. Western blot analysis demonstrated that 1-tetradecanol also suppressed the activation of nuclear factor-κB, and two mitogen activated protein kinase species (p38 and extracellular signalregulated kinase 1/2), but not c-Jun N-terminal kinase in H. pylori-infected AGS cells. As predicted, VEGF expression and hypoxia inducible factor-1α stabilization induced by H. pylori in AGS cells were inhibited by 1-tetradecanol. In addition, 1-tetradecanol directly inhibited the growth of H. pylori in a dose-dependent manner, as investigated by measuring the optical density. These findings indicated that 1-tetradecanol may be a potential preventive or therapeutic agent for H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation.[2]

1-Tetradecanol-based thermoresponsive solid lipid nanoparticles 

In this study, Brezaniova et al. describe the SLNP-based temoporfin delivery system for photodynamic therapy with a core composed of lipid-fatty alcohol 1-tetradecanol. 1-Tetradecanol was newly used due to its meltingpoint (35-39℃) and also because it is more polar than, e.g. triacylglycerols, so it better solubilizes temoporfin. In addition, it is fully metabolizable via tetradecanoic acid by β-oxidation to acetyl-CoA and Krebs cycleto CO₂ and H₂O. Nontoxic polymeric surfactant copolymer poly(ethylene oxide-block-ε-caprolactone) (PEO_X-b-PCL_Y) was utilized to stabilize the nanoparticles and provide them PEO coating to avoid entrapment into reticuloendothelial system. The surfactant itself is also degraded to 6-hydroxyhexanoic acid and poly(ethylene oxide), which are both eliminable by kidneys due to relatively low molecular weightbelow renal threshold. The SLNP are solid and stable against aggregation at the storage temperature of 4℃. The core melting temperature is set to 38-40℃ to release temoporfin in a controlled way in tumor tissue, which is, due to intensive metabolism, hyperthermic (analogy with thermoresponsive liposomes), and melts the SLNP to liquid surfactantstabilized droplets. This fully biodegradable/metabolizable nanosystem based on polymer surfactant-stabilized thermoresponsive solid lipid nanoparticles with non-covalently bound photosensitizer temoporfin (T-SLNP) with particle size below 50nm. The efficacy of T-SLNP was compared with commercial temoporfin formulation in terms of in vitro phototoxicity in 4T1 (murine mammary carcinoma) and MDA-MB-231(human breast adenocarcinoma) cells and of in vivo anticancer effect in Nu/Nu mice bearing MDA-MB-231 tumors. In vitro study demonstrated faster accumulation kinetics in the cells for our formulation design resulting in higher phototoxicity against the tumor cells. In vivo anticancer efficacy was markedly improved by T-SLNP compared with commercial temoporfin formulation. Owing to controlled and sustained release properties, subcellular size, biocompatibility with tissue and cells, the T-SLNP nanodispersion prepared in this study represents promising drug delivery system applicable in cancer treatment.[3]

Amorphous, nanoconfined 1-tetradecanol layer

In this work Mitran et al. explore the possibility of introducing a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient into the drug-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN)  particles, in order to change the drug release kinetics. This allows the use of facile and reliable steps for drug and excipient loading in a one-pot method, and removes the need for MSN functionalization. The excipient must be non-toxic and insoluble at relevant biological pH. Researchers chose 1-tetradecanol (TD), as it is non-toxic, insoluble in water at any pH and it has a low melting point. Organic substances under nanoconfinement in mesoporous silica usually form a non-melting amorphous layer at the interface, which might affect drug release kinetics. It is worth noting that so far there have been few formulation studies on drug delivery systems employing mesoporous silica and the role of excipients for such systems is still poorly understood. Several studies have explored the possibility of using 1-tetradecanol to create stimuli-responsive drug delivery systems. Since 1-tetradecanol has a melting point slightly above body temperature (39-41°C), all reports so far have been focused on using the solid 1-tetradecanol to block the MSN pores and trap cargo molecules, which could be released by increasing the temperature above the 1-tetradecanol melting point. In contrast, this work reports a new strategy basedon using a nanoconfined, liquid layer of 1-tetradecanol to passively control drug release through its hydrophobic character. The novelty of the present report is also represented by an in-depth analysis of the mechanism through which the nanoconfined amorphous 1-tetradecanol layer controls the drug release kinetics. In vitro drug release experiments performed at 37 °C, in phosphate buffersolution (pH 7.4) show that the addition of tetradecanol yields slower drug release kinetics, which wascorrelated with the presence of a liquid fatty alcohol interfacial layer. The layer mass is 11-23 % wt. ofthe metoprolol-loaded silica sample, and it causes up to 1.6 times decrease of initial release rate withrespect to materials without the fatty alcohol. This effect does not depend of carrier pore arrangement,being noticed for both hexagonal MCM-41 and cubic KIT-5 mesoporous silica.[4]

References

1. Dubey I, Kadam V, Babel S, Jose S, Kumar A. 1-Tetradecanol phase change material microcapsules coating on cotton fabric for enhanced thermoregulation. Int J Biol Macromol. Published online September 23, 2024. doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.135926

2. Kim G, Kim JE, Kang MJ, et al. Inhibitory effect of 1‑tetradecanol on Helicobacter pylori‑induced production of interleukin‑8 and vascular endothelial growth factor in gastric epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep. 2017;16(6):9573-9578. doi:10.3892/mmr.2017.7793

3. Brezaniova I, Hruby M, Kralova J, et al. Temoporfin-loaded 1-tetradecanol-based thermoresponsive solid lipid nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy. J Control Release. 2016;241:34-44. doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.09.009

4. Mitran RA, Matei C, Berger D, Băjenaru L, Moisescu MG. Controlling drug release from mesoporous silica through an amorphous, nanoconfined 1-tetradecanol layer. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2018;127:318-325. doi:10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.02.020

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