PIERICIDIN A

Piericidin A (2738-64-9) is a potent inhibitor of the mitochondrial and bacterial type I NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I).1Piericidin A is a ubiquinone analog which binds to the ubiquinone binding site of the enzyme.2It is an extremely useful tool for exploring the role of complex I in mitochondrial function in both normal and pathophysiology.3-5Prevents upregulation of GRP78 and induces cell death in glucose-deprived, etoposide-resistant HT-29 cells (IC50=7.7 nM).6

Piericidin A is an antibiotic and a member of the Class I inhibitors that acts as an effective inhibitor of Complex I.

Piericidin A is the major analogue of a family of pyridyl antibiotics isolated from selected Streptomyces species. It is a specific, potent inhibitor of NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I) that binds to ubiquinone binding site(s). Piericidin A inhibits both mitochondrial and bacterial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductases, binding close to NUOD-NUOB interface.

ChEBI: Piericidin A is a member of the class of monohydroxypyridines that acts as an irreversible mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor that strongly associates with ubiquinone binding sites in both mitochondrial and bacterial forms of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase It has a role as a mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor, an EC 1.6.5.3 [NADH:ubiquinone reductase (H(+)-translocating)] inhibitor, an antimicrobial agent and a bacterial metabolite. It is a monohydroxypyridine, a member of methylpyridines, an aromatic ether and a secondary allylic alcohol.

Piericidin A (PA), an insecticidal metabolite of Streptomyces mobaraensis is a potential quorum-sensing inhibitors (QSIs) that can destroy the expression of the virulence genes of Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (Eca). Hence it may be used as control agents of soft rot disease on potato tubers.

previous study found that piericidin a could inhibit the electron transport system at two sites. piericidin a specifically reacted at very low concentrations at a site near the reduced nadh dehydrogenase. at high concentrations, piericidin a inhibited the succinic dehydrogenase system, and the inhibition could be partially reversed by coenzyme q. moreover, it was found that both the succinate and nadh oxidase system were inhibited at high levels of piericidin a [1].

animal study was performed to evaluate the effect of piericidin a and antagonistic effect of vitamin k3 on respiration, blood pressure and heart rate in rats. results showed that 0.167 mg/kg of piericidin a increased the respiratory rate and the lowered blood pressure rapidly. furthermore, vitamin k3 (10-40 mg/kg) could restore the responses to piericidin a in rats [2].

This reduced antibiotic (FW = 423.64 g/mol; CAS 2738-64-9; Soluble in ethanol, methanol, DMF or DMSO) is a structural analogue of ubiquinone and a partially competitive inhibitor of bacterial and mitochondrial Type-I NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductases (or Complex I). Octahydropiericidin A also inhibits glucose dehydrogenase.

[1] ROMANA FATO . Differential effects of mitochondrial Complex I inhibitors on production of reactive oxygen species[J]. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta-Bioenergetics, 2009, 1787 5: Pages 384-392. DOI:10.1016/j.bbabio.2008.11.003
[2] XUEFENG ZHOU  William F. The unique chemistry and biology of the piericidins[J]. Journal of Antibiotics, 2016, 69 8: 582-593. DOI:10.1038/ja.2016.71
[3] ROBERT D. BONGARD  Marilyn P M  Mary I Townsley. The effects of mitochondrial complex I blockade on ATP and permeability in rat pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells in culture (PMVEC) are overcome by coenzyme Q1 (CoQ1)[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2015, 79: Pages 69-77. DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.030
[4] KANG KWANG LEE . Isoniazid-induced cell death is precipitated by underlying mitochondrial complex I dysfunction in mouse hepatocytes[J]. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 2013, 65: Pages 584-594. DOI:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.038
[5] WON-SEOK CHOI  Zhengui X  Richard D Palmiter. Loss of mitochondrial complex I activity potentiates dopamine neuron death induced by microtubule dysfunction in a Parkinson’s disease model.[J]. Journal of Cell Biology, 2011, 192 5: 873-882. DOI:10.1083/jcb.201009132
[6] JI-HWAN HWANG. Etoposide-resistant HT-29 human colon carcinoma cells during glucose deprivation are sensitive to piericidin A, a GRP78 down-regulator[J]. Journal of Cellular Physiology, 2007, 215 1: 243-250. DOI:10.1002/jcp.21308