2PACz, also known as (2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl)phosphonic acid, consists of an electron-rich carbazole body with an ethyl phosphonic acid anchoring group. 2PACz as a hole-selective interlayer functionalized directly onto the indium tin oxide (ITO) anode. The 2PACz is found to change the work function of ITO while simultaneously affecting the morphology of the bulk-heterojunction deposited atop.
