Small, highly potent, highly basic polypeptide.
Apamin has been used:
- As a selective inhibitor of small conductance (SKCa) channels in HEK cells.
- To inhibit endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDHF) mediated responses.
- To block small-conductance Ca2-activated K current (ISK) in electrophysiological studies in hyperstriatum ventrale, pars caudalis (HVc) neurons.
Occurs in the venom of the honey bee, Apis mellifera; molecular weight of 2027.38.
Apamin is a bee venom component and is strongly basic in nature. It has 18 amino acid residues and two disulphide bonds.
Central nervous system poison able to cross the blood–brain barrier; neurotoxic; poison.
Apamin is a neurotoxin which can pass the blood-brain barrier. In human, it might cause peripheral nerve dysfunction, mainly seen after bee stings.
Poison by intravenous, parenteral,intracerebral, and intraperitoneal routes. When heated todecomposition it emits toxic fumes of SOx and NOx.
This bee venom octadecapeptide toxin (FW = 2027.34 g/mol; CAS 24345- 16-2; NCBI Reference Sequence: NP_001011612.1) potently blocks the small-conductance Ca 2+ -activated potassium ion (or SK) channels hSK1 as well as rSK2, with IC50 values of 3.3 nM and 83 pM. It shows greater effectiveness at the SK2 channel (IC50 = 0.06-0.4 nM) than SK1 (IC50 = 1- 12 nM). SK3 (IC50 = 1-13 nM), and SK4 (IC50 = 1 μM) channels, and is active against channels within neurons, vascular endothelium, bladder smooth muscle, and certain cancers. Apamin does not inhibit human cardiac Na + current, L-type Ca 2+ current or other major K+ currents. Structurally, apamin forms a stable structure, consisting of a C-terminal a- helix and two reverse turns, that is stabilized by two disulfide bonds connecting Cys-1 to Cys-11 and Cys-3 to Cys-15. A minor constituent of venom of the bee (Apis mellifera), apamin amounts to only 2-3% (w/w) of its dry venom. The smallest known neurotoxic polypeptide, apamin is derived by proteolytic processing of the 48-residue pre-pro-protein. The precursors of the bee venom constituents apamin and MCD peptide are encoded by two genes in tandem which share the same 3'-exon.
