IKARUGAMYCIN

Ikarugamycin is a macrocyclic antibiotic first isolated from Streptomyces sp. that demonstrates potent antiprotozoal activity. It exhibits cytotoxic effects in cancer cell lines, inhibiting cell proliferation (IC₅₀ = 221.3 nM in HL-60 cells) through genotoxicity and by inducing apoptosis and activation of caspases. It also was shown to significantly inhibit oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced accumulation of cholesteryl esters in macrophages at 1-4 μM. Additionally, ikarugamycin is used to inhibit clathrin-coated pit-mediated endocytosis.

Ikarugamycin has been used as an inhibitor of clathrin coated pit-mediated endocytosis in flow cytometry, as CME inhibitor to determine its suitability as a tool to study and distinguish endocytic pathways in mammalian cells and for endocytic inhibitor treatment in Hela cells.

Ikarugamycin is an unusual pentacyclic tetramic acid produced by Streptomyces phaeochromogenes, with potent activity against the protozoan, Trichomonas vaginalis, reported in 1972. Ikarugamycin also demonstrates selective Gram positive antibacterial activity, and anti-ucler activity possibly via inhibition of H. pylori. In addition, ikarugamycin inhibits the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in mouse macrophages, blocks PMA and Nef-mediated cell surface CD4 down-regulation, and inhibits clathrin-coated pit-mediated endocytosis. Importantly, ikarugamycin is emerging as a useful agent for studying the process of endocytosis.

ChEBI: A polyketide macrolactam containing a tetramic acid (2,4-pyrrolidine-2,4-dione) ring system. It is isolated from Streptomyces as an antibitoic with antiprotozoal and cytotoxic activities.

Ikarugamycin, an unusual pentacyclic tetramic acid produced by Streptomyces sp., has a potent activity against the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis with IC50 of 0.3-1.25 μg/mL. Ikarugamycin also demonstrates selective Gram positive antibacterial activity and exhibits anti-ulcer activity possibly through inhibition of Helicobacter. Ikarugamycin-induced inhibition of cholesteryl-ester accumulation reduced uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in mouse macrophages J774. Moreover, Ikarugamycin inhibits Nef-induced degradation of CD4 on Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV) infected T cells, thus increasing its half-life and possibly restoring some normal functions lost in the infected cells. Ikarugamycin inhibition of clathrin-coated pit-mediated endocytosis indicates it as a useful agent for studying the process of endocytosis. Ikarugamycin inhibit HL-60 cell proliferation through genotoxicity and apoptosis induction and to activated caspase by induction of intracellular rise in calcium levels and activation of p38 MAP kinase.

[1] K JOMON. A new antibiotic, ikarugamycin.[J]. Journal of Antibiotics, 1972, 25 5: 271-280. DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.25.271
[2] RUXANDRA POPESCU . Ikarugamycin induces DNA damage, intracellular calcium increase, p38 MAP kinase activation and apoptosis in HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cells[J]. Mutation Research-Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 2011, 709: Pages 60-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2011.03.001
[3] KEIJI HASUMI. Inhibition of the uptake of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in macrophage J774 by the antibiotic ikarugamycin[J]. The FEBS journal, 1992, 205 2: 841-846. DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1992.tb16848.x
[4] T. LUO. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Nef-Induced CD4 Cell Surface Downregulation Is Inhibited by Ikarugamycin[J]. Journal of Virology, 2001, 75 1: 2488-2492. DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.5.2488-2492.2001