吗啡 性质
| 熔点 | 255°C |
|---|---|
| 沸点 | 427.77°C (rough estimate) |
| 密度 | 1.0864 (rough estimate) |
| 折射率 | 1.5400 (estimate) |
| 闪点 | 11 °C |
| 储存条件 | −20°C |
| 溶解度 | 乙醇（微溶）、甲醇（微溶） |
| 形态 | 固体 |
| 酸度系数(pKa) | 8.21(at 25℃) |
| 颜色 | 白色至浅黄色 |
| 水溶解性 | 0.4mg/L(25 ºC) |
| BCS Class | 1,3 |
| 主要应用 | 法医学和毒理学 |
| InChI | 1S/C17H19NO3/c1-18-7-6-17-10-3-5-13(20)16(17)21-15-12(19)4-2-9(14(15)17)8-11(10)18/h2-5,10-11,13,16,19-20H,6-8H2,1H3/t10-,11+,13-,16-,17-/m0/s1 |
| InChIKey | BQJCRHHNABKAKU-KBQPJGBKSA-N |
| SMILES | CN1CC[C@]23[C@H]4Oc5c(O)ccc(C[C@@H]1[C@@H]2C=C[C@@H]4O)c35 |
| CAS 数据库 | 57-27-2 |
| EPA化学物质信息 | Morphinan-3,6-diol, 7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-17-methyl- (5.alpha.,6.alpha.)- (57-27-2) |
吗啡 用途与合成方法
类别
有毒物质 毒性分级
高毒 急性毒性
口服- 大鼠 LD50 335 毫克/ 公斤; 口服- 小鼠 LD50: 524 毫克/公斤 可燃性危险特性
可燃, 火场排出辛辣刺激烟雾 储运特性
库房低温, 通风, 干燥; 与食品原料分开存放 灭火剂
水, 二氧化碳, 干粉, 砂土 安全信息
| 危险品标志 | F,T |
|---|---|
| 危险类别码 | 11-23/24/25-39/23/24/25 |
| 安全说明 | 7-16-36/37-45 |
| 危险品运输编号 | UN 1230 3/PG 2 |
| WGK Germany | 2 |
| 存储类别 | 3- 易燃液体 |
| 危险性类别 | 急性毒性 类别3 经皮 急性毒性 类别3 吸入 急性毒性 类别3经口 易燃液体 类别2 特异性靶器官毒性-一次接触类别1 |
| 毒害物质数据 | 57-27-2(Hazardous Substances Data) |
| 毒性 | An alkaloid of the opium poppy that makes up between 9% and 14% of good grades of opium. Morphine is usually used clinically as an analgesic in the form of the sulfate or hydrochloride salt. The most important acute toxic effect of large doses of morphine is depression of the respiratory centers in the medulla and pons. Morphine and related drugs also cause somnolence, coma, cold clammy skin, bradycardia, and hypotension. Initial doses of morphine seem to stimulate the chemoreceptor trigger zone to induce emesis, with subsequent doses blocking the vomiting center, hence blocking emesis. Morphine also has profound effects on the gastrointestinal tract, increasing the tone of the intestinal tract, but decreasing the propulsive or spasmodic reflexes, thus resulting in constipation. Morphine stimulates the nucleus of the third cranial nerve to produce miosis, making pinpoint pupil a diagnostic sign both in morphine overdose and morphine addiction. Morphine causes a variety of effects on the CNS and is highly addictive. Many behavioral changes are seen, ranging from euphoria to sedation. These behavioral effects contribute to the problem of abuse with all of the opiates. Tolerance and dependence occur with repeated dosing, with increasingly larger doses being needed to obtain the original effect. Abrupt withdrawal after chronic use can lead to physiological rebound in these same systems. Therapy for acute overdosage involves physiological support (establishment of adequate respiratory exchange), gastric lavage, and use of narcotic antagonists. Morphine and related compounds act by binding to specific high-affinity receptors concentrated in the nervous system, but also located elsewhere in the body. In the nervous system, the endogenous ligands for these morphine receptors are the opioid peptides that include the enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins. The multiple and complex actions of morphine are due, in part, to the fact that it acts as an agonist at many of these classes of receptors. Paregoric (camphorated tincture of opium) is used as an antidiarrheal. Paregoric is a schedule III drug under the US Controlled Substances Act and may produce physical dependence. |
