Pseudoginsenoside F11 is an ocotillol-type ginsenoside that has been found in P. ginseng and has diverse biological activities. In vivo, pseudoginsenoside F11 (10 mg/kg) prevents tubular cell apoptosis, decreases in renal glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and increases in renal lipid peroxide levels in a rat model of nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin . It reduces infarct size, brain water content, and cortical accumulation of autophagosomes in a rat model of ischemic stroke induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion. Pseudoginsenoside F11 (4 and 8 mg/kg) inhibits morphine-induced memory impairment in the Morris water maze and development of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in mice. It also reduces hippocampal advanced glycation end product (AGE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, increases hippocampal SOD activity and glutathione (GSH) levels, and attenuates cognitive impairment in the Morris water maze in a mouse model of D-galactose-induced mild cognitive impairment.
