에리트로마이신

그림문자(GHS)

• 그림문자(GHS)

  

• 신호 어

  Warning

• 유해·위험 문구

  H225：고인화성 액체 및 증기

  H333：흡입하면 유해할 수 있음

  H371：장기(또는, 영향을 받은 알려진 모든 장기를 명시)에 손상을 일으킬 수 있음(노출되어도 특정 표적장기 독성을 일으키지 않는다는 결정적인 노출경로가 있다면 노출경로를 기재)

• 예방조치문구

  P210：열·스파크·화염·고열로부터 멀리하시오 - 금연 하시오.

  P260：분진·흄·가스·미스트·증기·...·스프레이를 흡입하지 마시오.

  P303+P361+P353：피부(또는 머리카락)에 묻으면 오염된 모든 의복은 벗거나 제거하시오 피부를 물로 씻으시오/샤워하시오.

  P405：밀봉하여 저장하시오.

에리트로마이신 MSDS

• Erythromycin

에리트로마이신 화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

• 물성

  엷은 황백색의 가루이여 냄새는 없고 맛은 쓰다. 이 약은 메탄올, 에탄올 또는 아세톤에 잘 녹고 에테르에는 녹으며 물에는 매우 녹기 어렵다.

• 용도

  에리트로마이신(erythromycin)은 수많은 병균 감염 치료에 사용되는 항생물질이다. 여기에는 기도 감염, 피부 감염, 클라미디아 감염증, 골반염, 매독이 포함된다. 신생아의 그룹 B 연쇄구균감염의 예방을 위해 임신 중에 사용할 수도 있으며, 위마비 개선에도 이용된다. 수액 또는 구강을 통해 투여할 수 있다.

• 개요

  Erythromycin ethyl succinate is a mixed double ester pro-drug in which one carboxyl of succinic acid esterifies the C-2′ hydroxyl of erythromycin and the other ethanol. This pro-drug frequently is used in an oral suspension for pediatric use largely to mask the bitter taste of the drug. Film-coated tablets also are used to deal with this. Some cholestatic jaundice is associated with the use of EES.

• 화학적 성질

  White to off white crystalline powder

• 용도

  Erythromycin A is a 14-membered macrocyclic lactone with broad spectrum antibiotic activity, isolated from Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly Streptomyces erythreus) in 1952. Erythromycin is one of only a handful of microbial metabolites to have profoundly shaped the treatment of bacterial disease in the last 50 years. Erythromycin has given rise to new generations of semi-synthetic derivatives with improved stability and potency. Our product has been HPLC-purified to remove contaminants and degradation products.

• 정의

  An antibiotic produced by growth of Streptomyces erythreus Waksman. It is effective against infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including some β-hemolytic streptococci, pneumococci, and staphylococci.

• Indications

  Erythromycin is an antibiotic in the macrolide family that also has promotility effects because it is a motilin agonist.

• Antimicrobial activity

  Gram-positive rods, including Clostridium spp. (MIC50 0.1–1 mg/L), C. diphtheriae (MIC50 0.1–1 mg/L), L. monocytogenes (MIC50 0.1–0.3 mg/L) and Bacillus anthracis (MIC50 0.5–1.0 mg/L), are generally susceptible. Most strains of M. scrofulaceum and M. kansasii are susceptible (MIC50 0.5–2 mg/L), but M. intracellulare is often and M. fortuitum regularly resistant. Nocardia isolates are resistant. H. ducreyi, B. pertussis (MIC50 0.03–0.25 mg/L), some Brucella, Flavobacterium, Legionella (MIC50 0.1–0.5 mg/L) and Pasteurella spp. are susceptible. H. pylori (MIC 0.06–0.25 mg/L) and C. jejuni are usually susceptible, but C. coli may be resistant. Most anaerobic bacteria, including Actinomyces and Arachnia spp., are susceptible or moderately so, but B. fragilis and Fusobacterium spp. are resistant. T. pallidum and Borrelia spp. are susceptible, as are Chlamydia spp. (MIC ≤0.25 mg/L), M. pneumoniae and Rickettsia spp. M. hominis and Ureaplasma spp. are resistant.
  Enterobacteriaceae are usually resistant. Activity rises with increasing pH up to 8.5. Incubation in 5–6% CO2 raises the MIC for H. influenzae from 0.5–8 to 4–32 mg/L; MICs for Str. pneumoniae and Str. pyogenes also rise steeply. Activity is predominantly bacteristatic.

• 원료

  In Europe, the USA and other countries the incidence of resistance in Str. pneumoniae ranges from 5% to over 60%. In Str. pneumoniae strains resistant or intermediately susceptible to penicillin G, resistance rates above 80% have been reported. Increasing rates of resistance in clinical isolates of Str. pyogenes have also been reported, threatening its use as an alternative to penicillin G in allergic patients.
  Lower rates of resistance have been reported in other bacterial species, including methicillin-resistant Staph. aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Str. agalactiae, Lancefield group C and G streptococci, viridans group streptococci, H. pylori, T. pallidum, C. diphtheriae and N. gonorrhoeae.

• Pharmaceutical Applications

  A natural antibiotic produced as a complex of six components (A–F) by Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Only erythromycin A has been developed for clinical use. It is available in a large number of forms for oral administration: the base compound (enteric- or film-coated to prevent destruction by gastric acidity); 2′-propionate and 2′-ethylsuccinate esters; a stearate salt; estolate and acistrate salts of 2′-esters. The 2′-esters and their salts have improved pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutical properties and are less bitter than erythromycin. It is also formulated as the lactobionate and gluceptate forparenteral use.

• 생물학적 활성

  Erythromycin is the principal one in antimicrobial drugs. Although available as the parent entity, semisynthetic derivatives have proved to be clinically superior to the natural cogener. Like the tetracyclines, synthetic transformations in the macrolide series have not significantly altered their antibacterial spectra, but have improved the pharmacodynamic properties. For example, the propionate ester of erythromycin lauryl sulfate (erythromycin estolate) has shown greater acid stability than the unesterified parent substance. Although the estolate appears in the blood somewhat more slowly, the peak serum levels reached are higher and persist longer than other forms of the drug. However, cholestatic hepatitis may occasionally follow administration of the estolate and, for that reason, the stearate is often preferred. Erythromycin is effective against Group A and other nonenterococcal streptococci, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Flavobacterium. Because of the extensive use of erythromycin in hospitals, a number of Staph. aureus strains have become highly resistant to the drug. For this reason, erythromycin has been used in combination with chloramphenicol. This combination is also used in the treatment of severe sepsis when etiology is unknown and patient is allergic to penicillin.

• Mechanism of action

  Macrolides are inhibitors of protein synthesis at the ribosomes. They impair the elongation cycle of the peptidyl chain by specifically binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome. Specificity toward prokaryotes relies upon the absence of 50S ribosomes in eukaryotes. The main interaction site is located at the central loop of the domain V of the 23S rRNA, at the vicinity of the peptidyl transferase center. The macrolide binding site is located at the entrance of the exit tunnel used by the nascent peptide chain to escape from the ribosome, at the place where the central loop of domain V interacts with proteins L4 and L22 and with the loop of 754 Macrolides and Ketolides hairpin 35 in domain II of rRNA. Interaction occurs via the formation of hydrogen-bonds between the reactive groups (2u-OH) of the desosamine sugar and the lactone ring and adenine residue 2058. This explains why mutation or methylation in position 2058 as well as mutations in proteins L4 and L22 confer resistance to macrolides. The binding site of macrolides on the ribosome overlaps that of chloramphenicol or lincosamides such as clindamycin, explaining pharmacologic antagonism between these antibiotic classes as well as cross-resistance.

• Pharmacology

  Erythromycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by reversibly binding with their 50 S ribosomal subunit, thus blocking the formation of new peptide bonds. Erythromycin is classified as a bacteriostatic antibiotic.
  However, it can also exhibit a bactericidal effect against a few types of microbes at certain concentrations.
  Bacterial resistance to erythromycin can originate by two possible mechanisms: the inability of reaching the cell membrane, which is particularly relevant in the case of the microorganisms Enterobacteriaceae, or in the case of the presence of a methylated alanine in the 23 S ribosomal RNA of the 50 S subunit, which lowers the affinity of erythromycin to it. Erythromycin acts on Gram-positive (staphylococci both produced and not produced by penicillinase, streptococci, pneumococci, clostridia) and a few Gram-negative microorganisms (gonococci, brucelli, hemophile and whooping cough bacilli, legionelli), mycoplasma, chlamydia, spirochaeta, and Rickettsia. Colon and blue-pus bacilli, as well as the bacilli shigella, salmonella, and others are resistant to erythromycin.

• Clinical Use

  Erythromycin is used (offlabel indication) to accelerate gastric emptying in diabetic gastroparesis and postoperative gastroparesis. Tachyphylaxis will occur, so it cannot be used uninterruptedly for long periods.

• Safety Profile

  Poison by intravenous and intramuscular routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes. An experimental teratogen. Other experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.

• Purification Methods

  It recrystallises from H2O to form hydrated crystals which melt at ca 135-140o, resolidifies and melts again at 190-193o. The melting point after drying at 56o/8mm is that of the anhydrous material and is at 137-140o. Its solubility in H2O is ~2mg/mL. The hydrochloride has m 170o, 173o (from aqueous EtOH, EtOH/Et2O). [Flynn et al. J Am Chem Soc 76 3121 1954, constitution: Wiley et al. J Am Chem Soc 79 6062 1957]. [Beilstein 18/10 V 398.]

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