토륨

그림문자(GHS)

• 그림문자(GHS)

  

• 신호 어

  Danger

• 유해·위험 문구

  H272：화재를 강렬하게 함; 산화제

  H302：삼키면 유해함

  H315：피부에 자극을 일으킴

  H319：눈에 심한 자극을 일으킴

  H335：호흡 자극성을 일으킬 수 있음

  H373：장기간 또는 반복 노출되면 장기(또는, 영향을 받은 알려진 모든 장기를 명시)에 손상을 일으킬 수 있음

• 예방조치문구

  P210：열·스파크·화염·고열로부터 멀리하시오 - 금연 하시오.

  P220：의류 그리고 가연성 물질로부터 멀리하시오.

  P260：분진·흄·가스·미스트·증기·...·스프레이를 흡입하지 마시오.

  P264：취급 후에는 손을 철저히 씻으시오.

  P264：취급 후에는 손을 철저히 씻으시오.

  P270：이 제품을 사용할 때에는 먹거나, 마시거나 흡연하지 마시오.

  P280：보호장갑/보호의/보안경/안면보호구를 착용하시오.

  P301+P312：삼켜서 불편함을 느끼면 의료기관(의사)의 진찰을 받으시오.

  P302+P352：피부에 묻으면 다량의 물로 씻으시오.

  P305+P351+P338：눈에 묻으면 몇 분간 물로 조심해서 씻으시오. 가능하면 콘택트렌즈를 제거하시오. 계속 씻으시오.

  P314：불편함을 느끼면 의학적인 조치·조언을 구하시오.

  P321：(…) 처치를 하시오.

  P330：입을 씻어내시오.

  P332+P313：피부 자극이 생기면 의학적인 조치· 조언을 구하시오.

  P362：오염된 의복을 벗고 세척 후에 재사용하기

  P370+P378：화재 시 불을 끄기 위해 (Section 5. 폭발, 화재시 대처방법의 적절한 소화제)을(를) 사용하시오.

  P501：...에 내용물 / 용기를 폐기 하시오.

토륨 화학적 특성, 용도, 생산

• 개요

  Discovered in 1828 by Berzelius, thorium is a naturally occurring radioactive metal with no stable isotopes, which is named for the Norse god Thor. It is about as abundant as lead. Soil commonly contains an average of about six parts of thorium per million parts (ppm) of soil. Thorium occurs in the minerals thorite, thorianite, orangite, and yttrocrasite, and in monazite sand. Rocks in some underground mines may also contain thorium in a more concentrated form. After these rocks are mined, thorium is usually concentrated and changed into thorium dioxide or other chemical forms. Thorium-bearing rock that has had most of the thoriumremoved from it is called ‘depleted’ ore or tailings.

• 화학적 성질

  Thorium is a silvery-white, soft, ductile metal which is a natural radioactive element.

• 물리적 성질

  Thorium is a radioactive, silvery-white metal when freshly cut. It takes a month or morefor it to tarnish in air, at which point it forms a coating of black oxide. Although it is heavy,it is also a soft and malleable actinide metal. The metal has a rather low melting point, but itsoxide has a very high melting point of about 3,300°C. Thorium reacts slowly with water butreacts more vigorously with hydrochloric acid (HCl).
  Thorium’s melting point is 1,750°C, its boiling point is 4,788°C, and its density is 11.79g/cm³.

• Isotopes

  There are 30 radioisotopes of thorium. One isotope in particular, thorium-232,although a weak source of radiation, has such a long half-life (1.405×10⁺¹⁰ years, orabout 14 billion years) that it still exists in nature and is considered stable.

• Origin of Name

  Thorium was named for Thor, the Scandinavian (Norse) god of “thunder.”

• 출처

  Thorium is the 37th most abundant element found on Earth, and it makes up about0.0007% of the Earth’s crust. It is mostly found in the ores of thorite, thorianite (the oxide ofthorium), and monazite sand. It is about as abundant as lead in the Earth’s crust. As a potentialfuel for nuclear reactors, thorium has more energy potential than the entire Earth’s supply ofuranium, coal, and gas combined.

• Characteristics

  Thorium is chemically similar to hafnium (₇₂Hf ) and zirconium (₄₀Zr), located just above itin group 4 (IVB). Thorium-232 is found in nature in rather large quantities and goes througha complicated decay process called the thorium decay series. This series involves both alphaand beta emissions, as follows: Th-232 →Ra-228→Ac-228→Th-228→Ra-224→Rn-220→Po-216→Po-212→Pb-212→Bi-212→Ti-208→Pb-208. Thorium-232 can also be convertedinto thorium-233 or uranium-233 by bombarding it with neutrons. This results in Th-232adding a neutron to its nucleus, thus increasing its atomic weight. It then decays into uranium-233. This makes it potentially useful as an experimental new type of fissionable materialfor use in nuclear reactors designed to produce electricity.

• 용도

  Thorium has several commercial uses. For example, thorium oxide (ThO₂) has several uses,including in the Welsbach lantern mantle that glows with a bright flame when heated by agas burner. Because of the oxide’s high melting point, it is used to make high-temperaturecrucibles, as well as glass with a high index of refraction in optical instruments. It is alsoused as a catalyst in the production of sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), in the cracking procedures inthe petroleum industry, and in the conversion of ammonia (NH₃) into nitric acid (HNO₃).Thorium is used as a “jacket” around the core of nuclear reactors, where it becomes fissionableuranium-233 that is then used for the nuclear reaction to produce energy. Additionally,it is used in photoelectric cells and X-ray tubes and as a coating on the tungsten used to makefilaments for light bulbs. It has great potential to supplant all other nonrenewable energysources (i.e., coal, gas, and atomic energy). Thorium-232 can be converted into uranium-233,a fissionable fuel available in much greater quantities than other forms of fissionable materialsused in nuclear reactors.

• 생산 방법

  Thorium is extracted from monazite sand concentrates for metallurgical and other purposes by digestion with either hot, fuming sulfuric acid or caustic soda. The resultant mass is diluted with water that dissolves thorium, uranium, and rare earth metals, leaving unreacted monazite, silica, rutile (TiO2), and zircon (ZrSiO4). Neutralization of the liquor precipitates thorium phosphate, leaving behind uranium and most of the rare earth metals.
  In 1974, U.S. domestic use of thorium was about 80 tons, about one-half of which was employed to produce nuclear fuels and for nuclear research. Principal nonenergy applications applications were in the production of Welsbach incandescent gaslight mantles, as a hardener in Th–Mg alloys, in thoriated tungsten electrodes, and for chemical catalytic uses. Overall, the consumption of thorium in the United States has decreased significantly over the past several decades as nonradioactive substances have replaced thorium in many applications.

• 정의

  A toxic radioactive element of the actinoid series that is a soft ductile silvery metal. It has several long-lived radioisotopes found in a variety of minerals including monazite. Thorium is used in magnesium alloys, incandescent gas mantles, and nuclear fuel elements. Symbol: Th; m.p. 1780°C; b.p. 4790°C (approx.); r.d. 11.72 (20°C); p.n. 90; r.a.m. 232.0381.

• 일반 설명

  Silver to grayish radioactive metal. Twice as dense as lead. Radioactive materials emit ionizing radiation, detectable only using special instruments. Exposure to intense levels of radiation or prolonged exposure to low levels can be harmful. Film is also damaged by radiation.

• 공기와 물의 반응

  Pyrophoric material, spontaneously ignites in air.

• 반응 프로필

  THORIUM when heated with chlorine (or sulfur), reacts vigorously with incandescence [Mellor 7:208 1946-47]. When thorium is heated with phosphorus, they unite with incandescence [Svenska Akad. 1829 p.1].

• 위험도

  Flammable and explosive in powder form. Dusts of thorium have very low ignition points and may ignite at room temperature. Radioactive decay isotopes are dangerous when ingested.

• 건강위험

  Radiation presents minimal risk to transport workers, emergency response personnel and the public during transportation accidents. Packaging durability increases as potential hazard of radioactive content increases. Undamaged packages are safe. Contents of damaged packages may cause higher external radiation exposure, or both external and internal radiation exposure if contents are released. Low radiation hazard when material is inside container. If material is released from package or bulk container, hazard will vary from low to moderate. Level of hazard will depend on the type and amount of radioactivity, the kind of material it is in, and/or the surfaces it is on. Some material may be released from packages during accidents of moderate severity but risks to people are not great. Released radioactive materials or contaminated objects usually will be visible if packaging fails. Some exclusive use shipments of bulk and packaged materials will not have "RADIOACTIVE" labels. Placards, markings and shipping papers provide identification. Some packages may have a "RADIOACTIVE" label and a second hazard label. The second hazard is usually greater than the radiation hazard; so follow this GUIDE as well as the response GUIDE for the second hazard class label. Some radioactive materials cannot be detected by commonly available instruments. Runoff from control of cargo fire may cause low-level pollution.

• Safety Profile

  Suspected carcinogen. Taken internally as Th02, it has proven to be carcinogenic due to its radioactivity. On an acute basis it has caused dermatitis. Flammable in the form of dust when exposed to heat or flame, or by chemical reaction with oxidizers. The powder may ignite spontaneously in air. Potentially hazardous reactions with chlorine, fluorine, bromine, oxygen, phosphorus, silver, sulfur, air, nitryl fluoride, peroxyformic acid.

• 잠재적 노출

  Metallic thorium is used in nuclear reactors to produce nuclear fuel; in the manufacture of incandescent mantles; as an alloying material, especially with some of the lighter metals, for example, magnesium as a reducing agent in metallurgy; for filament coatings in incandescent lamps and vacuum tubes; as a catalyst in organic synthesis; in ceramics; and in welding electrodes. Exposure may occur during production and use of thorium-containing materials, in the casting and machining of alloy parts; and from the fume produced during welding with thorium electrodes. Thorium nitrate is an oxidizer. Contact with combustibles, and reducing agents will cause violent combustion or ignition.

• 환경귀착

  Thorium’s usage may result in release of thorium compounds to the environment through various waste streams. As noted above, thorium is also found naturally, particularly in monazite sand. Thorium compounds are expected to exist in the particulate phase if released to the atmosphere based on their low vapor pressures and may be removed from the air by wet and dry depositions. Th and ThO2 have low mobility in soils. In aquatic releases, adsorption is expected to be the primary means of removal from the system.

• 운송 방법

  UN2975 Thorium metal, pyrophoric, Hazard class: 7; Labels: 7-Radioactive material, 4.2-Spontaneously combustible material. Note: UN/NA 2975 doesn’t appear in the 49 CFR Hazmat Table.

• 비 호환성

  The powder may ignite spontaneously in air. Heating may cause violent combustion or explosion. May explosively decompose from shock, friction, or concussion. Incompatible with strong oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause violent fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides, nitryl fluoride; peroxyformic acid; silver, sulfur.

• 폐기물 처리

  Recovery and recycling is in the preferred route.

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